Tropic of Cancer - Overview and Geography

The Tropic of Cancer is a line of latitude circling the Earth at approximately 23.5Â ° north of the equator. It is the northernmost point on Earth where the suns rays can appear directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major degree measures or circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Capricorn, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle). The Tropic of Cancer is significant to Earths geography because, in addition to being the northernmost point where the suns rays are directly overhead, it also marks the northern boundary of tropics, which is the region that extends from the equator north to the Tropic of Cancer and south to the Tropic of Capricorn. Some of the Earths largest countries and/or cities are at or near the Tropic of Cancer. For example, the line passes through United States state of Hawaii, portions of Central America, northern Africa, and the Sahara Desert and is near Kolkata, India. It should also be noted that because of the greater amount of land in the Northern Hemisphere, the Tropic of Cancer passes through more cities than the equivalent Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. Naming of the Tropic of Cancer At the June or summer solstice (around June 21) when the Tropic of Cancer was named, the sun was pointed in the direction of the constellation Cancer, thus giving the new line of latitude the name the Tropic of Cancer. However, because this name was assigned over 2,000 years ago, the sun is no longer in the constellation Cancer. It is instead located in the constellation Taurus today. For most references though, it is easiest to understand the Tropic of Cancer with its latitudinal location of 23.5Â °N. Significance of the Tropic of Cancer In addition to being used to divide the Earth into different parts for navigation and marking the northern boundary of the tropics, the Tropic of Cancer is also significant to the Earths amount of solar insolation and the creation of seasons. Solar insolation is the amount of incoming solar radiation on the Earth. It varies over the Earths surface based on the amount of direct sunlight hitting the equator and tropics and spreads north or south from there. Solar insolation is most at the subsolar point (the point on Earth that is directly beneath the Sun and where the rays hit at 90 degrees to the surface) which migrates annually between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn because of the Earths axial tilt. When the subsolar point is at the Tropic of Cancer, it is during the June solstice and this is when the northern hemisphere receives the most solar insolation. During the June solstice, because the amount of solar insolation is greatest at the Tropic of Cancer, the areas north of the tropic in the northern hemisphere also receive the most solar energy which keeps it warmest and creates summer. In addition, this is also when the areas at latitudes higher than the Arctic Circle receive 24 hours of daylight and no darkness. By contrast, the Antarctic Circle receives 24 hours of darkness and lower latitudes have their winter season because of low solar insolation, less solar energy and lower temperatures. Click here to see a simple map showing the location of the Tropic of Cancer. Reference Wikipedia. (13 June 2010). Tropic of Cancer - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer

Epa s Clean Power Plan - 1717 Words

Memorandum From Harshit Jayaswal Date October 07, 2015 Subject Briefings on EPA’s Clean Power Plan: How state emission budgets were established, and legal (reasonableness and fairness) issues. This memo is my interpretation on the readings of EPA’s clean power plan specific to how state budgets where established and legal issues emphasizing the fairness and reasonableness towards the states. 1.0 Overview The clean power plan was adopted by the EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) on August 03, 2015 to regulate carbon emissions from existing power plants. Under the Supreme Court decision in Massachusetts v. EPA , greenhouse gases meet the definition of air pollutants under the Clean Air Act, implying they need to be controlled, if†¦show more content†¦It is determined to reduce carbon emissions from the power sector 32 % of 2005 levels by 2030. The primary objective of the clean power plan is to establish unique emission rate goals and mass equivalents for each individual state to reach this target. 2.0 How state emission budgets where established The clean Air Act under the section 111(d) creates a partnership between EPA, states, tribes and U.S. territories with EPA setting a goal and states and tribes choosing how they will meet it. EPA is defining interim and final CO2 emission performance rates for two subcategories of fossil fuel-fired electric generating units (EGU’s): 1. 1,305 lbs/MWh for existing fossil fuel-fired electric steam generating units (generally, coal fired power plants) 2. 771 lbs/MWh for existing natural gas combined cycle units EPA has also established statewide interim and final goals in 2 forms to give a wide range of choices for states in implementing these standards like: 1. A rate-based state goal measured in pounds per megawatt hour (lb/MWh); 2. A mass-based state goal measured in total short tons of CO2 States then have to develop and implement plans for power plants in their state either individually, in group or by applying other measures to meet with the interim reduction goals in between 2022-2029 and final goal by 2030. 2.1 BSER: Best system of emissions reduction The basis for the emissions reductions in the EPA’s proposed rule is a review of the

Occupational Health Safety in Organization

Question: Describe about the occupational health safety in organization. Answer: Introduction The wellbeing of the workers is highly important in the workplace to ensure a healthy working environment. It is the duty of the management to prevent the health related issues, control various risks and ensuring that the employees adapt to their work. It also refers to the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of the physical, mental and the social well-being of the persons in various occupations. It is essential to ensure that the persons have the pleasant working places to ensure that they increase their productivity in different organizations. The occupational health services are significant in various enterprises as they aid in advising the workers, the individuals offering jobs and other representatives on particular issues. They include the implementation and maintenance of a safe favorable environment that does not interfere with the physical and mental status of the persons. In addition to that, the employees should be assigned the duties according to their capabil ities. The workers have their particular expertises that are beneficial to the organization. The departments in the company can be run by persons who have pursued different careers. The discussion outlines about the occupation health and safety. Health On the other hand, it is challenging to make several changes concerning health in an institution and many professionals face the challenge. The changes that are required include the alteration of the persons and institution existing systems, beliefs and other traditions. The problems that affect a certain enterprise and contribute to the health issues and various illnesses should be analyzed. The risks that are associated with several hazards should be put into consideration and later on evaluated. The management should come up with a strategy to ensure the improvement of the health of the employees and the organization needs should be implemented. The program developed should be monitored from time to time so as to see the response from the people. the administration of particular institution should take their time in scrutinizing the issues affecting the organization concerning health. The strategies are highly critical in the implementation of the occupational health and safety ma nagement. The process takes place slowly, but it is highly beneficial to the employees and the whole organization. Before the program begins all the issues that are important should be put into consideration (Acutt Hattingh, 2003). Workplace Details The team deals with the creation and development of the applications that are used on the mobile phones and computers. It is an information technology company and also offers the technology related issues. On the other hand, it also creates websites that are used by various individuals to market their goods and services to the public. The offices and other government organizations use them to advertise the job vacancies to the public. The institution is famous to the people due to its quality services that are delivered to them. It has been widely accepted in the market by the people, and it has kept its promise to provide the quality services to its customers. The organization occupies a large environment and it is equipped with the facilities required so as to carry out the activities required. It has many computers and servers that help host the websites it creates for the customers. Moreover, it has over two hundred workers who undertake various tasks and help the organization to meet its goals and objectives. The company has eighty females, and the other one hundred and twenty are males. The individuals are aged from twenty-three years and above and highly commit themselves to their tasks. They are also experienced in the technology issues as they engage with them every day as they work (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). The management ensures the new employees are given orientation on how the system works and given supervisors so as to catch up faster. Most of the individuals have spent over twenty years while working at the institution. Their services are highly valued by the organization as they have helped increase the productivity. The inputs of the workers are highly appreciated and are motivated by the management to continue working. The persons that meet the set targets are often remunerated by the managers for their good work. It also motivates the other workers to keep working and improve their objectives. The employees are from time to time exposed to the health hazards. The management of the organization ensures that there is a good flow of communication to enable the workers to address their grievances. Through this, the working environment becomes favorable to work in as one knows they are valued. The employees in the institution have various talents, and the management utilizes their k nowledge and ideas to improve the company and standout in the market. The creation of new products that meet the customer needs is vital to ensure they opt for the company as they make their purchases. The workers are treated equally by the management, and no one is oppressed at any time. The salaries of the employees are paid at the exact as scheduled or if there are delays the finance department communicates (Barnett-Schuster, 2008). The workers are often faced with various health hazards as they perform their tasks from time to time. The employees are encouraged to interact with their colleagues so to get clarifications on the areas that they do not understand. Moreover, it ensures that they live as a family and help each other in various situations. The supervisors also take their time to assist the workers in the areas that they need help and also airing their grievances to the management. The workplace is made favorable to ensure that the individuals perform their tasks diligently and with minimum supervision. It enables to meet the client demands in time and provision of the quality services to the customers. The workers are encouraged to maintain a good company image to the public. It ensures that the organization gets more customers for their services. It also improves the appreciation of the products and services to the people from various locations (British Standards Institution, 2004). Occupational Health Hazard The employees in the organization often face the mental stress and eye defects hazard as they undertake their activities. The individuals risk facing eye problems and several headaches from time to time. The risks are a result of the duties that the individuals engage in from day to day. The eye problem is caused by a long period stay on the computers while working and firmly staring at them. The brightness of the computers causes the people to have the eyesight issues when not regulated. The work practices involve the usage of the computers to create the applications, websites, and hosting of the sites. The employees use them to carry out their duties and during the working hours. The computers are sometimes addictive to use, and many people spend their time on them even when it is time for breaks. The continued stay on the computer while working may cause the mental stress or eye defects if the brightness is not controlled. The mental stress is often caused by carrying out the prog ramming of the websites as one has to think of how to implement various features. On the other hand, the computers and the servers emit radiation that is harmful to the health of an individual if not well controlled. The exposure to the radiation should be minimized to ensure the environment is safe for working (Hopkins, 2000). The management of the organization assured that so as to counter the risks the employees had to be taught on how to handle the machines. To minimize the eye problems, the brightness of the computers had to be reduced. The workers were outlined on the effects of high intensity and the way to minimize it on the computers. The individuals who had suffered the eye problems were treated and given the eye protection gadgets to help them regularly work on the computer. On the other hand, the managers introduced breaks during the working hours to ensure that the people refresh before returning to work. The initiative allows the body to regain its energy to enable the individual to perform the task diligently. Moreover, the air conditioning systems were installed to allow the environment remains fresh and free from radiation. The persons suffering from the mental stress due to work related issues were advised to take a break or seek assistance from their colleagues. The coding of the sites an d applications requires a lot of effort, knowledge and commitment to ensure they have all the features needed. It is sometimes challenging and hence one gets the mental stress and headaches (Hughes et al, 2009). The legal requirements require that an information technology company should have a good working environment. The safety measures should also be put into consideration to help protect the lives of the people in times of disasters. The computers and the servers should also be kept in a calm environment so as to enhance their performance. The air conditioning system should be installed to help regulate the temperatures in the workplaces. Moreover, the seats in the workstations should also be comfortable to enable the people to perform the duties appropriately. The management of the institution has ensured the elimination of the health hazards by offering to train on how to handle the machines and oneself in the organization. It also provided the repair and maintenance of the computers from time to time so that they can work efficiently. It enables the machines to become efficient and perform the required tasks well. The workers are also allowed to report any matter concerning their hea lth that is caused by the usage of the computers. The managers recommend the treatment of the individual and change of the duties until one recover (Kelloway Francis, 2011). Occupational Health Program The health promotion program is essential and enables the individuals to take control over them and improve their health. The primary aim of the program is for the people to change their lifestyle so as to gain optimal health. It is important to the individuals as it balances the physical, social, intellectual, emotional and the spiritual health rapidly. It is highly emphasized at the workplaces to make sure that the workers perform their tasks as required and with minimum supervision. It aims at preventing the illnesses, injuries and other preventable diseases. To ensure the success the employers, employees, community and other individuals put their effort and provide cooperation to achieve a set objective. The desired achievements can be met by improving the enterprise and the working environment by making it favorable to the employees. The initiative ensures the health risks are minimized, and the persons live a comfortable life and hence improving their productivity. The company will enhance their output as the workers will have the good health to perform the duties assigned (Saad, 2015). The management of the institution should make sure that the employees participate in the health programs actively. Through this, the individuals personal health will be encouraged in their residential environment. The program ensures that the people can take care of themselves with less supervision from any senior officials. The workers should be given the priority as they ensure the organization meets its set goals and objectives. The managers should make sure that they have no health complications to ensure the production and quality of the goods and services continues. There should be the free flow of communication to ensure that the stakeholders and the workers communicate without barriers. The management should budget for the program and also monitor the response of the individuals that take place in the health promotion program. They can also manage the related health risks, and one becomes realistic to unhealthy behaviors. The active managers to their workers often have an eff ective health promotion program. It is the duty of the people to ensure that they take care of their health so that they can continue with their regular duties as usual. The health disorders often cause laxity at work, and one is unable to undertake the assigned duties as required. Cleanliness should also be maintained at the workplaces to ensure that areas remain clean and safe (Vayrynen et al, 2015). The organization will monitor the conduct of the employees at work and also at their residential areas to ensure they adhere to the program. The desired outcomes include the improvement of the employee morale at the workplace. The individuals perform their tasks correctly and with energy as they are motivated by the officials in the organization. In addition to that, it ensures the productivity of the employees is increased and that of the enterprise. The health related cases are also minimized as the people utilize the knowledge gained from the program effectively. On the other hand, the cases of absenteeism are reduced as the individuals are healthy and energetic to work. The body gains immunity due to the health program and the individuals rarely get sick as they utilize the knowledge learned. Moreover, there are minimal accidents in the company as the people handle everything with care as they have been taught. There is also high utilization of the scheduled working time as the p eople rarely develop the health complications. Lastly, there is less maintenance of the machines as the people handle them carefully to ensure they do not get injured. There is also less compensation for the injuries that one gets while working in the company as they are minimal due to the safety measures that have been taught. The managers should ensure that all the workers undertake the health program for their safety and that of the organization. The directors of the company should make sure that they include the security measures to protect the lives of the people in times of disasters (Westerholm et al, 2004) Conclusion In conclusion, the occupation health and safety is significant among the employees and the organization. The workplaces of the information technology companies require favorable environment for the workers to undertake their duties. The hazards that are faced from time to time include the eyesight problems and the mental distress. They are caused by the usage of the computers for an extended period without taking breaks. The individuals should refresh after several hours of working to enable the body to regain its energy. Moreover, the management should schedule the breaks during the working hours. The employees should also be taught on reducing the brightness on the computers and its effects. Many people often face the eye problems as their eyes are different. They should seek medical attention and also wear protective glasses to they typically work without being affected. The health programs should be introduced in the enterprises to ensure that the workers are advised on how to ta ke care of their health personally without being supervised. The program provides that the employees manage themselves the right way to enable them to perform their tasks. The cleanliness at the workplace should be maintained so as not cause other infectious diseases. Routine repair and maintenance of the machines that are used in the institution is supposed to be undertaken. The air conditioning systems should be installed to help regulate the temperatures at the workplace. The moderate temperatures allow one to perform the duties diligently as the environment is favorable. It is the mandate of the managers to handle all the organization issues. References Acutt, J., Hattingh, S. (2003).Occupational health: Management and practice for health practitioners. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. Alli, B. O., International Labour Office. (2008).Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety. Geneva: International Labour Office. Bohle, P., Quinlan, M. (2000).Managing occupational health and safety: A multidisciplinary approach. South Yarra, Vic: Macmillan. Barnett-Schuster, P. C. (2008).Fundamentals of international occupational health safety law. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press Services. British Standards Institution. (2004).Occupational health and safety management systems. London: BSI Business Information. British Standards Institution. (2007).Occupational health and safety management systems-- requirements. London: British Standards Institution. Guzik, A. (2013).Essentials for occupational health nursing. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems: ILO-OSH 2001. (2001). Geneva: ILO. Hopkins, A. (2000).Making safety work: Getting management commitment to occupational health and safety. St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen Unwin. Hughes, P., Ferrett, E., National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health. (2009).Introduction to health and safety at work: The handbook for the NEBOSH National General Certificate. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann Houdmont, J., Leka, S., Sinclair, R. R. (2012).Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice, Volume 2. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. International Labour Office., International Labour Conference. (2009).ILO standards on occupational safety and health: Promoting a safe and healthy working environment. Geneva: ILO. Kelloway, E. K., Francis, L. D. (2011).Management of occupational health and safety. Toronto: Nelson Education. Kelloway, E. K., Cooper, C. L. (2011).Occupational Health and Safety for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Oakley, K. (2008).Occupational health nursing. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Saad, A. (2015).Occupational Safety and Health Management. USM, PULAU PINANG : PENERBIT USM, Safety Convention on Challenges of Occupational Safety and Health, Chaturvedi, P., Safety and Quality Forum., Quality Council of India., Safety Convention. (2006).Challenges of occupational safety and health: Thrust : safety in transportation. New Delhi: Published for Safety and Quality Forum, Quality Council of India by Concept Pub. Co. In Vayrynen, S., In Hakkinen, K., In Niskanen, T. (2015).Integrated occupational safety and health management: Solutions and industrial cases. Westerholm, P., Nilstun, T., vretveit, J. (2004).Practical ethics in occupational health. Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical.

Michael Jordan Essays (736 words) - , Term Papers

Michael Jordan Everyone has a hero. Every kid has a dream, and if you ask 10 kids what their dreams are and who their hero is, more than half of them would say Michael Jordan. He is a true role model not just for little kids, but for everyone around the world. I have read Michael Jordan's latest biography called For the Love of the Game, and it was the best autobiography or any book period about an athlete I have ever read. In the book Jordan describes what it is like being a true champion. He tells what it was like to go through the hard times, and the glory days as well. He is known as one if not the best, basketball players to ever walk the face of the earth. I like the part in the book where Jordan was telling how he got cut from the J.V. basketball team, and then he worked hard and now he is known as the greatest of all-time. He worked hard shooting in his driveway, in the cold, and at the play ground. Reading this book has made me realize that if you do hard, in the long run it will pay off. I have watched basketball games, and every time I watch Jordan, I watch in amazement. Now I know why and how he is such a great player. People look at sports and don't realize how much of the game is mental. Jordan not only is a great athlete and basketball player, but he is one if not the smartest player in the game too. He knows how to get in player's heads, and distract them for their game plan. One of the saddest parts in the book was when he was telling about how Jordan lost one of his best friends, best teacher, and biggest fans, his father. James Jordan. Michael and his father were very close. James Jordan was shot and killed by some punks, and didn't deserve to die. Michael and the whole family was devastated, and after Michael won the championship that same year his father died, he cried cause all that he went through ,and still won, and thought about his father. All the emotions just got to him. One of my favorite parts in the book was when Jordan tells bout what it is like to go out in public, and have everyone mob you and ask for autographs every where he goes. He doesn't mind giving autograph's but fans need to respect his privacy and give him some space too. It was also interesting to hear about when he played on the Olympic teams in ?84 and '92, and how fun it was to play with his friends and people who he has played against his whole career. In 1992 the U.S.A team dominated the world and even before they began to play games, he said that they had so much fun, everyone there was there to bring back a gold medal, but they had fun too. In the book it also talks about how Michael was fined $5,000 a game for every game he wore his own basketball shoes, when they first came out. Well Nike paid for the fines, and they thought I t was worth it because it was great advertisement, to have the best basketball player wearing your shoe, when everyone is doing what he does. Now Jordan makes about 20 million dollars in advertising and shoe deals, so now that he is retired, he is still making more than half the players in the league. People say athletes are paid way too much, but if we keep going to see them perform and like to see them perform, we keep giving them all that money. They are the ones that fill the stands day in and day out. So if they keep getting what they want, why should they stop getting all that money. People are happy when they go to games and when the team wins, so owners need to pay that money to keep the team winning, so people will go to games. Michael Jordan brings people to the games in Chicago, but everywhere he went people would fill the stands. The book was written before he was retired, but he kept dropping hints that he was over with his lustrous career. He was great to watch and I admire him a lot for all he has done for everyone, and after reading this book,