Film Reaction Paper On No Lies Example

Film Reaction Paper On No Lies Example Film Reaction Paper On No Lies †Coursework Example No Lies There is no uncertainty in the way that the film that is d No untruths is perhaps the most abnormal video that I have seen. Without a doubt, there were focuses when I truly believed that what I was viewing was a narrative and everything that happened to the fundamental character was valid. Presently, considering what I have seen, I appreciate the dominance of the principle entertainer who put forth a valiant effort to pass on the solid thus characteristic feelings.I especially preferred the structure of the film. There is no uncertainty in that it has three particular parts. Along these lines, when I was viewing the first I felt that something awful will occur and I was a genuine stun when the lady stated: â€Å"I got assaulted last week†. In reality, in the wake of watching her being in extraordinary state of mind the conversation about the assault without a doubt compounded it.Thus, at the finish of the film, the cameraman and the subsequent principle character whose face is never appeared, however power is heard boisterous and away from very forceful out of nowhere. It is his deficiency that an alluring little youngster transformed into a crying broken lady inside a few seconds. It would not be a misstep to bring up that this change is the thing that the film is about. At long last, the film likewise includes a fairly significant angle, in particular the way a survivor of assault sees crafted by police and specialists. I would suggest all the police workplaces and specialists watch it to get the other viewpoint of their work.

Fair Compensation Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reasonable Compensation Budgeting - Essay Example She has held this situation throughout the previous two years however she has not been fruitful. This is on the grounds that she was under a male director who couldn't work with female specialists uninhibitedly. The previous director didn't treat laborers similarly in light of the fact that, around here, ladies were not paid a similar compensation as men. The new administrator noticed that ladies were not paid an equal rate as men for a similar work. Question 1 What factors in the present remuneration framework for the district not recognized here may impact Amy’s reaction? The present remuneration framework for the region pays ladies less compensation than ladies. This isn't reasonable on the grounds that all laborers are qualified for a similar compensation. Anyway there are various things that will impact Amy so as to change the circumstance of inconsistent treatment of people in Adam County. To begin with, Amy should research and see if the two people are assigned similar obligations in the organization. She ought to assess this to see if, the way that ladies are paid lower pay rates than men is defended. Clearly, the past supervisor may have been paying men more cash most likely on the grounds that they were exposed to more remaining task at hand. Amy should discover precisely why this was the situation and address the circumstance starting there. Furthermore, Amy may be affected by the way that ladies take more leave days than men. ... Such aptitudes incorporate capacity to cooperation, working under tension yet not anticipating an additional compensation. For ladies this may appear to be hard a direct result of their natural make up and their family duties. These obligations, for example, kid bearing and raising may be hindering the full execution of ladies at the work environment and in this manner can't be depended upon, for instance, to do exercises, for example, those of departmental heads. What's more, by the way that departmental heads work includes a great deal of voyaging, ladies probably won't handle such errands in view of the imperatives put on him by society. For instance ladies who remove a great deal of time from their spouses are frequently marked awful and unfounded allegations of participating in extra conjugal issues while away for a delayed time. Amy may likewise consider the dedication laborers have towards the business. She will be affected by those laborers who have a soul to work as opposed to the individuals who work to acquire cash. To distinguish these laborers she will be guided by how, for instance, laborers are timely to work. The nature of work that such a laborer does is likewise a critical thing to consider. On the off chance that for instance, laborers are doled out comparative obligations, the administrator ought to figure out who among those laborers the first to carry out the responsibility is. The director may likewise think about responsibilities outside the working environment, for instance, duty in family issues and different issues associated with that family. There is an immediate connection between the exhibition of the work and the relationship with companions at home. Laborers invest a great deal of energy in the working environment and furthermore in the family place. The harmony between the two spots is significant for the productivity of the organization. What's more, the quantity of wards the laborer has possibly

Nasim Pedrad, From Iran to SNL to Scream Queens

Nasim Pedrad, From Iran to SNL to 'Shout Queens' Nasim Pedrad, an Iranian-American comedic entertainer, depicts Gigi in the Comedy Horror TV arrangement delivered by Fox. Pedrad left Saturday Night Live in 2014 following five years on the famous parody appear. Her impressions of Arianna Huffington, Kim Kardashian, Barbara Walters, Kelly Ripa and Gloria Allred were features of the show. In 2015, she showed up on New Girl. Conceived in Iran, Nov. 18, 1981, she lived in Tehran with her folks, Arasteh Amani and Parviz Pedrad, until 1984 when they moved to the United States. She experienced childhood in Irvine, Calif. Her folks, who live in southern California, met while both were understudies in Berkeley. Her dad works in the clinical field and her mom works in the style business. Pedrad says SNL was a major piece of growing up as an American. â€Å"I would watch those shows with an end goal to comprehend American culture and absorb, on the grounds that I wasn’t fundamentally getting as quite a bit of that from my folks as my American companions were,† she told Grantland, the diversion/ESPN blog, in a meeting. â€Å"I have early recollections of watching the show, and realizing that it was going to assist me with remaining up to date, even in the years when I was excessively youthful to completely comprehend what the portrayals were about.† After one SNL show where she played the Iranian first woman, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejads spouse, in a false meeting, she told the Iran News, â€Å"I love and am pleased with my Iranian legacy. Its formed who I am as an entertainer, and in the event that I ever make jokes about it, its originating from a position of adoration. She will join Mulaney, another Fox sitcom made by ex-SNL author John Mulaney, which premiers in October. She will play Mulaney’s wisecracking flat mate. SNL maker Lorne Michaels will be the maker of the new show. Fox has requested 16 scenes. Pedrad and her more youthful sister, Nina Pedrad, an author for 30 Rock and New Girl, are both familiar with Farsi. â€Å"My guardians put forth a valiant effort to address us in Farsi as regularly as they could when we were at home so we could grow up to be bilingual,† she told Grantland. She says she wants to visit Iran sometime in the future. â€Å"My fathers side of the family is still in Iran - there are such huge numbers of cousins I presently can't seem to meet.† She composed a one-lady show called â€Å"Me, Myself and Iran,† and depicts five totally different Iranian characters. SNL cast part Tina Fey saw the show and suggested Pedrad for SNL. Early Career Pedrad moved on from University High School, where previous SNL cast part Will Ferrell additionally joined in, and moved on from the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Theater in 2003. She performed with The Groundlings, an improvisational parody troupe situated in L.A.. She oftentimes performed â€Å"Me, Myself and Iran† at the ImprovOlympic and the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in Los Angeles, and in the HBO Comedy Festival in Las Vegas in 2007. She visitor featured on Gilmore Girls from 2007 to 2009, ER, and It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia. She likewise did voices in Despicable Me 2 and The Lorax. She joined SNL in 2009. The show’s cast individuals have included different entertainers brought into the world outside North America, for example, Tony Rosato (Italy), Pamela Stephenson (New Zealand), Morwenna Banks (England), and Horatio Sanz (Chile). Iranian Immigration Pedrads family joined countless Iranians who moved to the U.S. after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. As per U.S. Evaluation information and free reviews done by Iranian-Americans in 2009, there were an expected 1 million Iranian-Americans living in the U.S. with the biggest focus - around 520,000 - living around Los Angeles, especially Beverly Hills and Irvine. In Beverly Hills, about 26% of the all out populace is Iranian Jewish, making it the city’s biggest strict network. There are such a significant number of individuals of Iranian-Persian drop living around Los Angeles that the city is frequently alluded to as Tehrangeles by those in the network. Iranian is a nationality; Persian is viewed as an ethnicity.

Employment flexibility - Australian perspective Essay

Work adaptability - Australian point of view - Essay Example It is predominantly because of the changing financial conditions and business situation of the whole globe. Thusly, the association may adapt up to the changing economic situations and necessities of the clients. Subsequently, the productivity and viability of the association improves bringing about intensification of its image picture and notoriety in the market among others. Other than this, the interest and prerequisites of the items expanded to a huge degree bringing about upgrade of its image value and overall revenue in the whole market among different contenders working in comparative field. Be that as it may, so as to build the pace of intensity in worldwide points of view, greatest degree of the associations wants to actualize the idea of adaptability in the business states of the laborers. This encourages the representatives to profit the office of shifted working calendars and timings bringing about progress of the spirit and execution level of the representatives. Therefo re, the degree of efficiency of the laborers and association improved to a significant degree in this way upgrading its degree of maintainability in this serious situation among other opponent participants. Therefore, this idea demonstrated very compelling for the associations and the laborers working in Australian market (Macdonalds, 2003). What Is Flexibility In Employment Mean? As indicated by Reilly (2001), adaptability in working conditions implies that getting changed in accordance with the financial conditions and furthermore the working calendars to build the profitability and proficiency of the associations in the market among others. Not just this, it may likewise demonstrate successful for the representatives to build their confidence and commitment towards work bringing about intensification of their presentation in the association. Besides, this idea is refreshing both by the administration just as the representatives of the association as it featured the results situat ed methodology. This implies time isn't the prime limitation, yet result or efficiency is the prime thing. The worker brought to the table the measure of work designated to the person in question in his liked or perfect time in order to improve their degree of execution and inspiration too. In this way, the National Qualification Framework (NQF) offered more fixation over result arranged methodology as opposed to time-control approach in Australian associations (Reilly, 2001). Subsequently, this methodology is profoundly valued by both the businesses and the workers of the Australian association when contrasted with others. Writing survey According to Auer and Cazes (2003), work adaptability is one of the creative idea rose in the ongoing age. The prime explanation behind the acquaintance of this idea is with spur both the workers and the business of the association. The principle point of the business of any association in this age is to improve its scope of benefit subsequently sa tisfying both the fundamental and mental needs of the representatives. At exactly that point, the workers would get fulfilled and accordingly their degree of execution and inward commitment may improve. Because of which, the degree of productivity and dedication towards the duties of the work may upgrade bringing about satisfaction of the normal goal of the association. Next to each other, by watching the devotion level of the senior representatives, the youngsters may likewise receive the comparable working conduct and culture bringing about improvement of the all out deals and ROI of the Australian association in the whole globe among different opponents (Government of

Ethical Hacking Techniques and Penetration Testing

Challenges In Freedom Of Speech - Free Essay Example

Statement of Problem In our current political climate, students have experienced challenges in their freedom of speech. Everyone in America has the right to the First Amendment. According to the United States Supreme Court, public institutions of higher education are legally bound to this amendment (Lowery, 2016, p 538). This amendment applies to speech, expression, and assembly. Private colleges and universities have also protected students right to the first amendment. Private institution protection allows for a broad range of viewpoints that ensures a diverse educational experience. In peeks of governmental chaos, wars, and other historical events, colleges and universities have been at the center. Starting the in the 1800s, college and universities have been at the center of civic engagement and activism. In several cases, freedom of speech on campus has shaped social movements that have changed history (Ali, 2017, p. 4). In the case of specific demonstrations, institutions have been required to address a person first amendment in free speech zones. This has placed limitations on speech and demonstrations. The roles of student affairs practitioners in these cases are critical. As the first to know about demonstration and events, they are the primary decision-makers that articulate the laws of freedom of speech. If student affairs professionals are not fluent in the laws, then these policies can be broken. Student affairs departments author clear policies that protect free speech while maintaining inclusive spaces (Lowery, 2016, p. 538). In the three cases below, institutions have articulated their rationales for said policies in order to protect the student or the first amendment right. In the case of Charlottesville and the evangelistic preacher on campus, both campuses aim to maintain inclusive and safe environments for the student. While in the final case, the first amendment protects students freedom of speech. In all situations, the goal is for student affairs practitioners to maintain campus environments that could be challenged by outside constituents. Policy: Time, Place and Manner Time, place and manner is the policy address a student or off-campus party freedom of speech. In several cases brought to the court circuits, public institutions could regulate speech without impeding constitutional rights. The U.S Supreme Court articulate the clauses when an institution applies to time, place and manner. Limitation on time, place and manner must not favor one perspective or side, serve a significant government interest. The speech, demonstration, or assembly could achieve a specific interest and offer alternative options for speech. Yet, public institutions are restricted from impeded speech because they are funded by taxpayer dollars. Restrictions on time, frequency, and length must be rational. Place restrictions are implemented by campus reservations and campus can ensure neutrality if the property is owned by the institution. Manner refers to not the content, however, the volume of the speech or demonstration. Institutions have been under scrutiny for their articulation of the law and many institutions have had to untangle the law (Morse, 2015, p. 4). The important distinction to make is when the speaker is a student or is campus affiliated versus non-affiliated. Rationale for Policies In these three cases below, institutions have implemented time, place and manner policies. The individual articulation of the law assists in the development of comprehensive student affairs models. They can serve as examples of how colleges and universities should shape their policies. In doing so, they provide scenarios and examples for student affairs practitioners to digest. University of Virginia- Charlottesville In recent history, colleges and universities have experienced startling demonstrations that shaped history. These demonstrations on campus have defied their mission and reputation. Recounting August 2017 at the University of Virginia- Charlottesville, white nationalists, and supremacists leaders marched through the campus rallying around White Lives Matter. University of Virginia students locked arms in the middle of campus to block white nationalists from entering a sacred part of campus. This shortly erupted into a mass riot that concluded with three fatalities. At the end of the disruption, police officers and law officials declared it an unlawful demonstration. Yet, this came after the mass disruption of peace (Washington Post, 2017). The reason why this demonstration was deemed unlawful because of the law time, place and manner. The demonstration happened on university property without proper permits. In addition to this, article, violence erupted, causing disruption. This disruption interruppted normal campus operations causing. In addition to this, Another note is the group did not follow the necessary steps in the University of Virginias designated public forum area (Morse, 2015, p. 5). Preachers on Campus In a case Georgia Southern University, an evangelist speaker sought to change the policies that limited the time and manner of allowed by the university. In this case, an evangelistic preacher presented a case against the Georgia Southern University for limiting the time of the preaching. This is the case, neither the institution nor the preachers disputed the right for expression of religion. In this case, GSU policies upheld a persons constitutional right while maintaining campus policy. A speaker that is not affiliated with the college must seek necessary permits in order to te university to properly regulate the demonstration (Morse, 2015, p. 5). If permits are not obtained, then there is no right to assemble because the safety becomes a concern. In addition to this, the campus have greater leverage to exclude outside as long as the exclusion is neutral and reasonable (Lowery, 2016, pg. 539). Modesto Junior College Free speech zones on campus have come under scrutiny in recent years. Free speech zone is areas of campus that do not require prior reservation where students and other constituents are allowed to assemble. In 2013, Modesto Junior College challenged a students rights in a free speech zone. On Constitution Day, on September 2013, students were celebrating by distributing copies of the constitution. Campus representatives instructed students that they must register their event in advance. The student was distributing flyers in front of the student center. The case noted that all events must be held inside of the free speech area. Despite the interpretation of the policy, courts later decided that the campus policies must be revised. The revisions now allow for free expression on campus at outdoor areas by a campus sponsored affiliate (Morse, 2015, p. 5). Outcomes of the Policy Institutions are facing critical outcomes as it relates to their policies. Some of the outcomes that have occurred recently are colleges and universities clearly defining their policies on freedom of speech. Other outcomes include institutions have multifaceted plans for if/when controversial speakers come to campus. These plans are vetted so that neither the institution or student is as a risk. In addition to this, students affairs practitioners are creating more cross-functional relationships with faculty and staff on campus to ensure that all viewpoints are taken into consideration.

The Autobiography of Malcolm X - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1644 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/25 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Autobiography Essay Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? Malcolm Little was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. His father, Earl, was a Baptist preacher and was targeted by white supremacists. Earl had 6 children, he abused all of them except for Malcolm because he was the lightest skin out of 6 siblings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" essay for you Create order Being light skin gave you the upper advantage to not be treated as badly as a dark skin person. Malcolm had a rough childhood, he experienced racial discrimination at an early age when his family moved to Michigan and shortly after their house was burned down by a white supremacist group. Ever since Malcolm was a child he had a dream of becoming a lawyer. In Junior high, Malcolm moved in with his sister who lived in Boston. Malcolm met a black woman named Laura while he was dancing at a club. Though he has an emotional attachment to her, he leaves Laura to pursue a white woman named Sophia and ends up dating her. He utilizes his association with Sophia to get away from the racial exploitation of his childhood by becoming an enforcer of racism himself. He dated her to represent himself better around his associates in Boston. Malcolms goal was to take the power back that was extracted from him in Michigan. His childhood consisted of economic instability, racial oppression and inner gen eration trauma. Domestic violence and systematic violence was reflecting a particular community, his fathers behavior was surrounding the violence that happened to him. One of the problems Malcolm faced was the media attacking him. In 1957 Malcolm founds Muhammed Speaks, became the Nation of Islams own newspaper and a few years later the nation received harsh criticism from the media. Malcolm represented Muhammad on radio stations, TV, and colleges. He received numerous letters from people 95% of the letters were from white people ( CH.15). A few letters were categorized in the Dear Nigger X or the death threat category ( CH.15). Malcolm tried to get away from all the racial discrimination when he was living with his family, once Malcolm converted to the nation of Islam and began to make his presence racial prejudice trailed him. Malcolm and his group wanted to integrate into the community and they were called fascists for trying to voice their views on slavery. One of the motives Muhammad had was to spread the notion of acceptance for black people in the community. All Mr. Muhammad is doing is trying to uplift the black mans mentality and the black mans social and economic condition in this country ( 245). Malcolm X fought against violence, resistance and racial oppression. Domestic violence and systematic violence is reflecting a particular community, his fathers behavior was surrounding the violence that happened to him. The author is addressing the problem of human rights, thus, supplied a demand for action and change. To be human is to find something worth to die for, Malcolm X challenged the Civil Rights movement and fought for the human rights of African Americans. He was later assassinated by his people (NOI). He experienced hate, bigotry, violence and racial prejudice during the Civil Rights movement. Since the whites never accepted the African Americans as equal, the Nation of Islam sanctioned the split of Whites and African Americans because there was no reason in fighting for acceptance. Black urban rebellion are affirmation of their being. Malcolms view on the violence directed to African Americans, was to defend ourselves by any means necessary . The history of unpunished violence against our people clearly indicates that we must be prepared to defend ourselves or we will continue to be a defenseless people at the mercy of a ruthless, violent and racist mob. Malcolm X emphasized Christianitys role in the oppression of blacks. He believes the role of religion is significant to ones way of life. Malcolm X was born in the era of white supremacy. In 1929, the family moved to Lansing, Michigan and shortly after, their house was burned down by a white supremacist group. At the age of 6, Malcolms father was murdered by white men that opposed the work his father Earl participated in. Malcolm had an extensive history of moving because of racial prejudice he experienced. The authors childhood experience of violence stemmed from the white race. In his adult life, he did not trust the white people and white culture because of the implications that stemmed from his childhood. Wilfred, Malcolms brother, introduced him to a strict but comforting Muslim household after his release from prison. This paved a new, brighter path for Malcolm, eventually leading to him meeting one of his greatest influences of religion, Elijah Muhammad. Elijah teaches Malcol m ways to influence the youth to join the Nation of Islam, branching out from Detroit, to Chicago, and eventually Boston. Throughout this process, he learns exceptional leadership and preaching skills, which helped grow the Nation of Islam. His motivation for converting to Islam, when he was in prison he started to give up on himself. His brother Reginald visited him told him about a man named Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. Malcolm and Elijah began to exchange letters and their conversations motivated him to convert to the NOI. This initiated Malcolm to begin reading books and educating himself upon this religion. He then started teaching the religion to other inmates and created a large group of followers. Malcolm Little changed his name to Malcolm X, the X resembles the unknown last name he wouldve had if his ancestors had not been taken against their will and enslaved. In 1958, the Nation of Islam protested against police brutality outside of the police station, one of the members of the NOI was brutally attacked by police officers. Brother Hinton was attacked with nightsticks. His scalp was split open, and a police car came and he was taken to a nearby precinct ( 238). Within 30 minutes of the attack, 50 members of the Fruit of Islam stood outside of the police station. Malcolm demanded his brother be sent to the hospital as he was only semi-conscious Blood had bathed his head, shoulders and face. As Hinton was taken to the hospital, the members followed in a larger organized demonstration to the hospit al, walking 15 blocks as other African Americans followed behind. It was a peaceful protest, but one that demanded a stop to police brutality, ultimately leading to the Nation of Islam suing the police department. A jury awarded him over $70,000, the largest police brutality judgement that New York City has ever paid (1239). Malcolm X had a strong advocacy for racism he was a strongly influential figure regarding religion. He had many great accomplishments during his time with NOI and brought many African Americans into religion, giving them purpose. Malcolms religious life led him to his travels to Africa and his journey to Mecca. In his journey to Mecca, his intention was to find a religion in whose principles and morals he can flourish in. This intention pushes him to create the Hajj a traditional Islamic pilgrimage5 to Mecca. The brotherhood of the Hajj emphasizes a religion in which everyone is equal under the one true god, in which there are no good or bad races and there are no Divine Men 5. Malcolms creation of the Hajj derives from his search to find the truth and equality among individuals. During this time Malcolm renamed himself as Malik E Shabazz and his autobiographical accounts show his excitement at being recognized in the orthodox Muslim world4. Malcolm accepting orthodox Islam formed his views on race relations, in particular his embrace of the universal concept of brotherhood represented in Islam 4. Malcolms religious journey consisted of the transformation from being an atheist to a minister for the NOI to a Sunni Muslim 4. He tried to implement the teachings of Sunni Islam to teach members how to perform Salat (prayer correctly) 4, the Salat is the mandatory Muslim prayer that is executed five times every day. Malcolm had found a very deep connection with Sunni Islam, and it is significant to comprehend that this had a substantial effect on the last portion of his life, ultimately leading him to the conversion of cultural ideology. Malcolms whole life was circulated around religion, he traveled to many different countries and states to spread the teachings, values, and the importance of Islam. Malcolms goal was to take the power back that was extracted from him in Michigan. His childhood consisted of economic instability, racial oppression and inner generation trauma. An aspect Malcolm X was known for was the fight against colonialism. Malcolm Xs stance against colonialism was that African Americans should be involved in taking approach. He did not believe in violence, he believed in peaceful protest with a purpose. One way Malcolm X believed that colonialism could be defeated was the Organization of Afro American Unity, this organization fought against any person that got in their way. The purpose of this organization was to bring about the complete independence of people of African descent, also to bring about the freedom of these people by any means necessary3. The Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights are the principles in which we believe and that these documents if put in to practice represent the essence of mankinds hopes and good intentions desirous that all Afro American people and organizations should hence forth unite so that the welfare and well-being of our people will be assured we are resolved. To reinforce the common bound of purpose between our people by submerging all of our differences and establishing nonsectarian constructive programs for human rights3. Malcolm spoke out on how Afro American people and organizations shall be unified as a whole and thus construct nonsectarian constructive programs for human rights. Malcolm X was a courageous leader and human rights activist who fought tremendously hard and strong for the rights of African Americans.

Financial Difficulties of Those in Poverty Facing a Mental Illness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 559 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Poverty Essay Did you like this example? Annie Harpers article, Relegated to Chronic Poverty: Financial Difficulties Faced by People with Mental Illness in the United States, brings awareness to the financial difficulties that people in poverty face, especially those that are diagnosed with mental illnesses. Along with difficulties from the mental illness itself, managing finances becomes a struggle for people in poverty. In Harpers study, research was conducted to discover more about the financial situation of those that are in poverty and have a mental illness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Difficulties of Those in Poverty Facing a Mental Illness" essay for you Create order Research showed the people struggle with providing themselves with basic needs, along with financial resources to manage their mental illness symptoms. In response to these results, Harpers research team provided strategies that would help, not fix, the people with their financial difficulties. Harpers argument, which states that the fact that people that are in poverty and face a mental illness needs attention, is convincing and supported well by providing evidence of financial resources that are available to those in poverty, how impoverished people spend their money, and a way to help the people manage their finances. According to Harpers research, services for those in poverty focus mainly finding paid work; however, the people in poverty rarely hold a long-term job, which provides a disadvantage since a long-term job would provide some medical insurance to help their mental illness symptoms. This supports Harpers argument that people in poverty with a mental illness face financial difficulties that If a person in poverty that is diagnosed with a mental illness cannot hold a job that possibly provides medical insurance or a one that provides a steady income to pay for medical expenses, how is a person supposed to pay for their basic needs and treatment for their mental illness? It is often said that people in poverty have problems finding financial resources to support their basic needs, let alone the needs that are associated with a mental illness. When looking at how the research subjects dealt with their financial resources, it was discovered that most of the money they earned or received was spent on basic needs: bills, food, and water. This budget doesnt allow the people to pay for treatment of their mental illness. The research provides evidence for Harpers that impoverished people that are diagnosed with a mental illness face financial difficulties that are worth bringing brought to societys attention. As part of the research, Harper also wanted to provide some financial strategies that could help the people better manage their finances. As part of the program, the research subjects had to meet with a financial counselor to find more efficient ways of managing their financial resources. Although the project was able to help some way for some subjects, the overall need for more financial resources for these people is too great to solve their financial difficulties, which continues to support Harpers argument that the financial difficulties these people face need to be brought to the attention of society. The financial difficulties that people in poverty with a diagnosable mental illness face is an issue that needs to be brought to the attention of society. Harpers argument is supported by evidence of financial services that are offered to those that are in poverty, ways that the people use their financial resources, and ways that have helped some people with managing their financial resources, even though they havent completely solved their issues.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Orange Is The New Black ( Oitnb )...

Drawing on a rhetorical critical analysis to studying technology, this paper outlines a proposal to research how Orange Is The New Black (OITNB) is affecting the women of the multiple races portrayed in the show. I will also discuss if binge watching can institute cultivation and affect a viewer’s perceptions as a result of constant content exposure. Specifically, I will conduct a rhetorical analysis of symbolic artifacts including, language, images, and gestures displayed in OITNB. To supplement the rhetorical critical analysis, I will conduct in-depth interviews with female OITNB viewers, who are from each race depicted in the show, in which I will ask them questions to solicit their perspectives of the female racial representations presented in the show. Before I conduct a rhetorical analysis I will have to define what constitutes as stereotypical or negative racial representation and evaluate the content of OITNB accordingly. To keep track of gender and racial representations in OITNB I will develop codes for designated behaviors and assign them specific categories. The rhetorical analysis will provide information to structure the interview questions as well as identify any existing stereotypical racial representations. From the interviews, I will collect data on the amount of time they have spent watching the content and their perceptions of female racial representations in the show and in reality. From the theoretical perspective of cultivation, I will examine how

The Most Important Starbucks Marketing Strategy - 951 Words

The most important Starbucks’ marketing strategy is culture and experience strategy, supplying unique experience and sharing coffee culture. Starbucks thought 90% of feelings to coffee came from smell while 10% are from taste. So, Starbucks focused on aroma of its coffee shop, making sure that costumers would be attracted by coffee aroma once they came in any shops. That’s why no smoking there and no perfume to Starbucks employees. In this case, desire for coffee would be conditioned response from aroma and be core of customers’ loyalty. All Starbucks coffee branches are elegantly designed, tastefully furnished, and offering classical music and fashion magazines, which differentiated Starbucks from its competitors, strongly attracting young generations of China who viewed western coffee culture as a symbol of modern life style. On the surface of it, Starbucks just changes its interior decoration, but the truth is it has already changed all concept and meanings of coffee, redesigning coffee from traditional consumption goods into new modern fashionable life style. Many people in China going to Starbucks are not aim to get Frappuccino, but to experience the atmosphere and culture, and to find their identity of new elite class. That’s why Starbucks became a high-end brand in China. In China market, Starbucks claimed that it was â€Å"the third place† for middle class. The prices of coffee in Starbucks are almost two or three times higher than that of tea beverages coffee from otherShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Marketing Mix1503 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks Marketing Mix ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½2ï ¿ ½ Starbucks Marketing Mix Successful organizations understand the importance of a strong marketing strategy to satisfy customers and sustain growth. Making the right decisions depends on several variables. 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A company may have a great product, but if it fails to identify a specific market, or to use a proper marketing plan, it will not be able to successfully reach theRead MoreMarketing Companies Must Identify, Anticipate, and Satisfy Consumers with Product, Placement, Promotion, and Price854 Words   |  4 PagesIn the marketing world, before releasing a product onto the market a company would carry out research in all spectrums to investigate the targeted audience. Once market research is completed, marketing or advertising is carried out so that the targeted consumers can purchase and th e company receives an earned profit from sales. Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably (Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009). MarketingRead MoreStarbucks Marketing Mix1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of marketing mix in organizations has helped businesses in targeting their market. Marketing mix has a controllable variable used by different companies in satisfying the targeted groups. The mix plays a very significant part in terms of marketing; its purpose is to use tools that are combined together to satisfy the need of the customers as well as obtaining the goals of the selected organization. It is therefore a requirement for every company to carefully address the marketing mix that isRead MoreStarbucks Case Study Analysis1304 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis: Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service Anitra Joiner Marketing 300C.1 Dr. Laura Pogue May 29, 2011 Specialty-coffeehouse culture is well interwoven into the fabric of American society at this point and we can thank Starbucks for ushering in the phenomenon. Back when three coffee connoisseurs assembled to open the first Starbucks store in Seattle, I’m sure they could not imagine its behemoth future. With the vision of Howard Schultz, Starbucks has grown to become one of the most internationallyRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This is a proposal based on the case study â€Å"Starbucks – going global fast† (Cateora and Graham, 2007), further research has been undertaken and analysis and recommendation will be based on these sources of information. Critique and analysis Being a multinational company expanding at a speed that leads thoughts towards badly imaged global corporation like McDonalds are these days not considered a strength. McDonalds might have conquered the world and made profit of people’s badRead More Starbucks Marketing Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pages Starbucks opened in Seattle’s Pike Place Market in 1971 with hopes of creating a third place between home and work. Starbucks was created to produce premium coffee, while adhering to various core principles during economic growth. The company has realized that people don’t only come for coffee; they come for the atmosphere, (Kembell). Customers are able to socialize, read, study or enjoy music while drinking coffee. Starbucks strategically positions each store with hopes of matchingRead MoreStarbucks - Entry Modes Of Starbucks970 Words   |  4 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Starbucks, today’s global coffeehouse, has one of the best coffee chains and providers in the world. It was started in 1971 by 3 friends (Jerry, Zev and Gordon), they were passionate about the idea of selling fresh coffee beans. Things started to change when Schultz wanted to develop this business into coffee serving with friendly sitting environment. The idea of serving coffee along with sitting culture made a hit and started its own development in fast-paced way. According to the

Marketing Plan For A Restaurant - 1900 Words

In this assignment I will discuss Lila restaurant. The company provides products of homemade coffees and snacks for the local communities and is located in Coburg Victoria. Its marketing plan is listed as the following: †¢ Build up positive and healthy business images: to keep and maintain the business images as the market leader and top business performer; †¢ Maintain the communication channel among the business stakeholders: ensure the business information flow smoothly among the stakeholders; †¢ Design the restaurant’s website to inform current and potential customers: let the customers know the restaurant’s business values, missions and vision and business goals; †¢ Implement the strategies of premium customer: make sure the first customers who purchase the new product lines will get the best treatments and discounts †¢ Establish the strategic relationships with main business suppliers: focus on building up the business relationships with the local communities, contractors and loyal customers. †¢ Implement the strategies of improving staff skills and knowledge: strong management skills need to be used to improve and train staffs to improve their product knowledge; †¢ Offer more customer service schemes: improve customer satisfaction level by introducing more services options †¢ Offer the services in further geographic areas: Lila restaurant can consider expanding its business operation into the other further areas. Assessment Task 2: Profiling report Profiling Report TotalShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For A Restaurant Essay2738 Words   |  11 PagesEvery business required a marketing plan to be able to grow and success. Basically, marketing plan helps us to target the customers, reach them and keep your clients to repeatedly buy from you. My marketing plan report will be talking my analysis about one of the first molecular gastronomy fine dining restaurant which serves Indonesian food as their signature dishes named Namaaz Dining. I will be talking about their mission, how unique and the competitive advantages they are compare to the otherRead MoreMarketing Plan of a Indian Restaurant2998 Words   |  12 PagesMarketing plan for Clifton Restaurant, Brick lane, Year 2011 Source: www.cliftonbricklane.com Marketing plan for Clifton Restaurant, Brick lane, Year 2011 Introduction: Clifton Restaurant, Brick lane is at the gateway to Bangla town in London and a branch of Clifton group, where using traditional recipes, cooked fresh and original spices. This contemporary specious restaurant has 200 seating environment, it offers an extensive range of high quality dishes prepared with unique recipes as wellRead MoreMarketing Plan - Sushi Restaurant2886 Words   |  12 PagesMarketing Plan for Masamoto Sushi Asian Grill Situation Analysis Company Analysis Masamoto Sushi Asian Grill is a local restaurant which focuses on offering fresh, affordable, healthy and unique Asian cuisine for the suburban food enthusiasts. It is conveniently located on Route 202 in the Keystone Plaza shopping center within the suburb of Chadds Ford, PA. It was founded in the fall of 2007 by executive chef / owner Johnny Cai. Masamotos offer dishes from multiple Asian styles includingRead MoreMarketing Plan For The Hamoudis Restaurant2738 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction 2.1 Purpose of the plan The purpose of this assessment is to create a promotion marketing plan for the Hamoudis Restaurant. Firstly, to assess the current marketing situation of the Restaurant and what possible needs and gaps it might have. With the basic information of the situation a marketing plan can be formed. The aim is also for the new marketing plan is realistic and applicable so that the restaurant can use it in their marketing. Currently the restaurant has no website and relies onRead MoreMarketing Plan For Italian Flower Restaurant2837 Words   |  12 Pages Marketing plan Italian flower restaurant I m going to write about Italian flower restaurant s marketing plan, it is very closely to the financial and business plan. This plan outlines a strategy and success is a comprehensible, actionable tools that will enable The Italian flower restaurant to apply marketing activities to give a profitable return of the investment. This plan is designed to tools the business plan, but is also a handled to the for company stuff members to get a handleRead MoreSubway Marketing Plan For Subway Restaurants2935 Words   |  12 Pagescompany‘s share of the fast food market. Subway s marketing program addresses health, fresh, custom-made sandwichesexpectations of consumers through a number of approache sThe Subway concept of servingfresh made sandwiches on fresh baked bread, made right in front of customers, the waythey like it has proven to be a winning marketing strategy in Europe. Their customershave really respond to the high level of service that Subway restaurants are famous for.They have also become popular with healthRead MoreMarketing Plan For Top Take Away Restaurant1716 Words   |  7 PagesIdentify and evaluate marketing opportunities Part 1: Research and identify possible marketing opportunities: Introduction: The company that I have initiated for my business has named as TOP Take Away Restaurant. The restaurant located in Chadstone Shopping Centre. It is the very strategic and overwhelming location the Chadstone Shopping Centre has been newly renovated with wide range of facilities. Also, it is the biggest shopping hub in Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, I have chosen this locationRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Fast Food Restaurant1266 Words   |  6 Pagesis very obvious in this industry as it is a very saturated market with a lot of fast food restaurant operating in towns. Chipotle may also lose their sales to McDonalds or Wendy’s who offer tastier food with more choices. Teenagers might prefer something that is more delicious even though it is less healthy and this goes against Chipotle’s vision to provide nutritious food. Their effort in opening restaurant internationally is one of the biggest threats due to low customer familiarity with the brandRead MoreEssay about Example Restaurant Concept/Marketing Plan3960 Words   |  16 PagesX Concept: A Mediterranean Restaurant Concept Prepared for Professor of Restaurant Management HMT 410 DeVry University – Online Prepared by Student: Prepared on xx xx xxxx TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Concept Development Site Selection Market Analysis Competition Analysis Financial Analysis License amp; Approvals Design, Furnishings amp; Equipment Menu Development Employment of Key Personnel Selection amp; Training of KeyRead MoreKotler and Armstrong: Marketing Plan for Grill Kabob Restaurant Product1191 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing Plan Positioning Position involves, designing the product(s) offered by a company to have an elaborate placement in the mind of the target market (Kotler Armstrong, 2009). To introduce Grill Kobob restaurant product, the approaches Kotler and Armstrong describe as positioning strategy will be put into consideration. These are product, character or customer benefit, quality and price, product use or application, product user, class of product, culture symbol and competitors.

The Architecture of Cognition-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.com

Question: Outlines the fact to Construct a summary research of a learn article stating its relevance and uniqueness to the parents and Convincing them to take an active Interest in the article. Answer: Cognition is an important process in the early development phase of humans. In medical science, it is regarded to be a vital process of obtaining fruitful understanding through perception, practice and sensation. The cognition process in humans broadly covers the concepts of comprehension, observation, retention, discernment, calculation and others. The phase of cognition, which occurs in humans, utilizes the notion of prevailing information and initiates new information (Anderson, 2013). This essay outlines the fact to construct a summary research of a LEARN article stating its relevance and uniqueness to the parents and convincing them to take an active interest in the article. The article, Does One Year of Schooling Improve Childrens Cognitive Control and Alter Associated Brain Activation? written by Brod, G., Bunge, S. A., Shing, Y. L tries to convey to the readers that the concept of five to seven year change leads to the concentration of miraculous enhancements in a pre-schoolers comprehension abilities, especially in their skill to exercise dominance over their consciousness and conduct (Brod, Bunge and Shing 2017). Generally, it aids in perfecting their decision-making flair. Nowadays, many nurturing articles related to parenthood are published in the market on a monthly basis. Resultantly it becomes very difficult for the prospective parents to select and read a particular article, which would adequately guide them in their parenting journey. Unlike other articles, this particular article definitely falls in the rank of premium parenting articles, which clearly displays the intricacies and complicacies involved in polishing the cognitive or the reasoning skills of children. Apart from learning about the general concept of cognition, the parents can also decipher the distinct effect of the five to seven year change on children belonging to the different age groups. In this article, two sets of children were selected to conduct the MRI experiment (Dale, Brown Semelka, 2015). One set consisted of children who were already enrolled in the primary grade and the other set comprised children who were in the kindergarten grade. The singularity of this article is that any nonprofessional other than a guardian or a researcher can effortlessly grasp the outcome of the experiment. The conducted experiment in the article finds out that the primary graders developed better cognition ability than the kindergarteners because of their gr adual amelioration of the region of right caudal parietal cortex in the brain (Cabeza, Ciaramelli Moscovitch, 2012). If the above-mentioned region develops in rapid pace, then it would automatically facilitate prolonged attention and upgraded accuracy. Conclusively, it can be derived from the above intensive discussion that the conducted experiment in the concerned article brilliantly shows that how the mise-en-scene context of ritualistic tutelage configures the brain structure with latent refined focus on apprehensively challenging activities. This article indeed undertakes a very crucial examination of the human mind. Human mind is very complex. Human mind has been the subject of various researches and experiments conducted all over the world. At the stage of infancy, human mind is at the preliminary developmental stage and can be evolved to sharpen the intellectual and comprehensive abilities of the children. This article provides a breakthrough opportunity to do the same. The experiment conducted in the article has also been carried out in an adept manner making it suitable for the parents, who are not familiar with research study, to easily apprehend and conclude the topic matter. References Anderson, J. R. (2013).The architecture of cognition. Psychology Press. Brod, Garvin, Silvia A. Bunge, and Yee Lee Shing. 2017. "Does One Year Of Schooling Improve ChildrenS Cognitive Control And Alter Associated Brain Activation?".Psychological Science28 (7): 967-978. doi:10.1177/0956797617699838. Cabeza, R., Ciaramelli, E., Moscovitch, M. (2012). Cognitive contributions of the ventral parietal cortex: an integrative theoretical account.Trends in cognitive sciences,16(6), 338-352. Dale, B. M., Brown, M. A., Semelka, R. C. (2015).MRI: basic principles and applications. John Wiley Sons.

Music in the Late free essay sample

Compare and Contrast Music in the Late ass and sass As all of us know, music is the universal language. It Is the art of expressing and interpreting an opinion or expression through the creation of sound; and It certainly has histories of many centuries and periods since the existence of human. The question ls- would you consider music as a necessity In your dally life? Well, I would easily agree to It; with more quotes popping up recently that are related to music, such as, No Music, No Life, and Music is the Essence of Life.These quotes never fail o prove how strongly music influences in all our daily lives. However, music is created very uniquely and differently in every century and here we are now, to compare and contrast between music in the late ass and In the late sass, in terms of the style, the presentation, and the genres. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in the Late or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From J. S. Bach, to W. A. Mozart, to Ludwig Van Beethoven, to Claude Debussy, to Scott Joplin, to Miles Davis, to The Battles, and then to the current Justine Bibber; these people are to be said as the Icon of their century.Each of them showed regression of music along the century; portraying Individualistic in music of the century. As for music In the late ass and 20005, contrasts In their musical style and elements have been clearly shown through their music. Judging by the music In the late ass music, musical instruments used seemed to be more original in the sense of its sound and timbre produced compared to the more technology infused music in the sass.This creates a huge contrast in both musical style as the sources of the sound produced is very much differ from each other. Besides that, the song lyric in he late ass music can be judged as more meaningful compared to the sass- more insightful lyrics were incorporated in the ass with more decent vocabulary compared to the more trendy lyrics style in sass with more foulness and wildness usage of vocabulary In expressing a music.This clearly shows the Influences of generation in the past and In the present that indirectly Influence their musical style In music of the century. Next, how do we audience perceive a kind of music? This Is a general question with a general answer: which is presentation of the music itself. A presentation of the sic is affected mainly by its outlook- recording . In the ass, the quality of the music recording seemed to be not as excellent as the ones in sass; due to the progression of technology at that period. However, music in the late ass provides and instills good vibes and awareness of quality music into the society with Its positively contented music compared to music in the sass which concentrated more on catchy and trendy music videos for publication to attract more audiences while neglecting the education of music towards the societys mind- videos are recorded with more sexual ND violent actions Incorporated are indeed deluding and corrupting the generation of the century. This shows how a presentation of a music recording affects the perception of the audiences towards the music In the late ass and the 20005.Last but not least, technology does play a critical role In music. Evidence could be seen with the increment of music genre that is well equipped with technology ass, the music produced are played with more authentic musical instruments, such as piano/keyboard, drums, guitars, and etc; while in the sass, the music are more genealogy based with frequent usage of synthesizer whi ch is capable of switching to many types of instruments sounds and even have a function to play the drum beats in the background while you play the synthesizer, thus replacing the role of few musical instruments.The dominance of contrast between music in the ass and the sass is clearly seen with the genre of music the century focused on, which is pop/ rap/rock music in the ass and trance/techno/rock metal music in sass which obviously prove the influences of technology in music of sass. Music is deeply engaged in our daily lives without any doubts, whether we are in the ass or the sass.

8 Writing Tips for Beginners

8 Writing Tips for Beginners 8 Writing Tips for Beginners 8 Writing Tips for Beginners By Ali Hale Welcome to the wonderful world of writing! However young or old you are, writing can be so rewarding. For some writers, it’s a fun hobby and a creative outlet; for others, it’s a dream career. When you’re just getting started, you might feel excited but also a little daunted – where should you begin? What do you need to know and learn? The great thing about writing is that whatever stage you’re at, you can keep growing your skills and honing your craft. This applies whether you’re a total beginner or a best-selling author: there’s always something new to learn or try. In your early months (or even years) as a writer, these eight tips should help you on your way Tip #1: Try Lots of Different Types of Writing When you’re just starting out, you might not know what you want to write – you just want to write! Or, you might have a firm idea of the type of writing you’d like to do (maybe you want to be a novelist or a poet, for instance). As a beginner, you’re in a great position to try out lots of different types of writing, without needing to commit to one in particular: no-one’s (yet!) demanding your next book. So have a go at a wide range of genres and styles – you might surprise yourself with what you enjoy. I never set out to be a freelancer (my writing dreams were all about being a novelist) †¦ but ten years into freelancing, I still love it, and I’ve written and published three novels too. Tip #2: Read Some Good Writing Blogs or Books †¦ But Not Too Many There are some brilliant books and blogs out there that’ll teach you the basics of writing (and much more): Daily Writing Tips is a great place to begin, of course! For fiction-writers, I always recommend K.M. Weiland’s blog Helping Writers Become Authors, and Nigel Watts’ book Get Started in †¦ Writing a Novel; for non-fiction writers, the Copyblogger blog is a great read, as is Joanna Penn’s book How to Write Non-Fiction. One trap that beginner writers sometimes fall into, though, is that they read and read, trying to learn everything there is to know about writing – but they don’t actually write! So don’t get too caught up in reading: make sure you’re also setting aside time to try out writing exercises, or to develop your own ideas. Tip #3: Start With Small Projects, Not Book-Length Works If you’ve never written much before, launching straight into a novel probably won’t work: either you’ll run out of steam within a few chapters, or you’ll keep writing but you’ll end up with a story that needs an awful lot of work to make it publishable. It’s better to hone your skills on smaller projects first: think short stories if you’re a fiction-writer, or short articles or blog posts if you’re a non-fiction writer. These can be a great way to explore potential ideas and topics without committing to a book-length work straight away. Tip #4: Write Regularly So You Don’t Lose Momentum Some writers think you should write every day: personally, I don’t think that’s very good advice. Maybe your weekdays are very busy, because you work long hours, but your weekends are clear. Or perhaps it’s the other way round: you have some time during the week while your kids are at school, but your weekends are packed with activities. It’s fine to set a writing schedule that suits you and your life †¦ but do make sure you’re allowing yourself time to write on a regular basis. If weeks go by without you writing anything, you’ll inevitably lose momentum. Writing at least once a week works for most people. For those who need extra help fighting procrastination, this post has many tips to beat writers block. Tip #5: Use Clear, Straightforward Words While I’m a huge fan of words, and love the sound of some more unusual ones (eclectic is one of my favourites!) †¦ I think that as a writer, it’s normally best to keep things simple. Even if, in school, you got extra marks for showing off your impressive vocabulary, readers frankly don’t care! You should, of course, use the word that best fits what you mean: sometimes a precise, technical word is the best choice, even if it isn’t the simplest. But in general, keep George Orwell’s advice in mind: â€Å"Never use a long word where a short one will do,† and â€Å"Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.† Needless to say that you should use clear, correct English as well. Using a spellchecker is not enough. Proofreading and editing is essential to produce quality prose. Tip #6: (Fiction Writers) Don’t Mix Past and Present Tense This can sometimes be tricky to get to grips with when you’re new to writing: but if you’re writing piece of fiction, you need to choose between past and present tense. You can tell the story as though it’s already happened: John hurried down the street. Sue ran after him, furious. â€Å"John!† she shouted. â€Å"Come back here!† Alternatively, you can tell the story as if it’s currently happening: John hurries down the street. Sue runs after him, furious. â€Å"John!† she shouts. â€Å"Come back here!† What you can’t do is mix past and present: John hurried down the street. Sue runs after him, furious†¦ Sometimes, there’s a place for switching from past to present tense or vice versa – but be careful that you don’t switch accidentally. Tip #7: (Fiction Writers) Don’t Use the Same Word Too Often If you use the same word repeatedly within a short space of time, it can start to stand out for the reader and become a distraction from your writing. This is particularly true of unusual words (I read a novel recently by an author with a particular liking for the word â€Å"stolid†). Here’s an example: John locked the door before opening the letter. He could hear Sue moving around in the kitchen, just outside the door. As he drew the letter from the envelope, there was a knock on the door. â€Å"John? What are you doing in there? Open the door!† The word â€Å"door† appears four times in that paragraph, and there’s a danger of it having a slightly comic effect. Some words are fine to repeat as often as you like, however: little ones like â€Å"a†, â€Å"the†, â€Å"and†, â€Å"he†, â€Å"she and so on. With character names, too, it’s best to just pick something to call them and stick with it. So don’t try to remove all repeated words – but do keep an eye out for words or phrases that you tend to over-use. Tip #8: (Fiction Writers) Stick to One Character’s Perspective at a Time Even if you’re writing in the third-person rather than the first-person, it’s a good idea to stick to just one character’s perspective in any given scene or passage – this is called â€Å"third-person limited† or sometimes â€Å"deep POV† and contrasts with the â€Å"third-person omniscient† viewpoint that’s typical of classic 19th century literature. Readers expect this close third-person perspective, and it allows you to give the thoughts and viewpoint of one character at a time – helping the reader to identify with that person and to really understand them. Beyond all these tips, though, there’s one thing I want to leave you with: the fact that no-one is born able to write. You may not yet have the skills you want as a writer †¦ but you can develop those skills. A year or so ago, my five-year-old daughter could only write a few words (and often got her letters backwards); now, it’s fascinating to watch her fledgling attempts at writing stories, messages, and even puzzles. Just like her, you could look back a year from now and be surprised at how far you’ve come. Wherever you are right now with your writing, keep on working at it, keep enjoying it, and keep finding new things to learn as you go along. Good luck! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesThe Writing Process20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

How To Look For Self Assessment Essay Samples

How To Look For Self Assessment Essay SamplesIt is very important to be able to write your own personal self assessment essay. You should be aware of how you are evaluated by others and what they are going to be judging you on. It is for this reason that many people are taking the time to write their own essays. They do it so that they will be able to come up with a much better idea about themselves and their abilities.The first thing that you need to do is to find out if you can actually write a self assessment essay. If you are just a regular college student or somebody who just has started to go to college, chances are that you have never written a personal essay before. And you really should because it can really help you when you are writing your own. However, if you do not want to write a personal essay and you do not have any kind of skill with the English language, you can always hire somebody to write it for you. This way, you will be able to be in control of the essays as w ell as where it is going to end up being published.When you are looking for self assessment essay samples to help you with your writing, make sure that you choose those that are going to help you do your essay. After all, you do not want to get into a situation where you do not have the information that you need. In that case, you will not be able to properly write your essay.The next and final point that you should be concerned with is that the sample you are using should not take too long to read. You need to be able to get through it within a few minutes. This is so that you will not get bogged down with all of the reading material that you have to read. That will mean that you will end up not having the information that you need and therefore you will not be able to get through the essay as fast as you would like.Now, when you are looking for self assessment essay samples to help you with your writing, make sure that you find the ones that are going to give you some information and examples. They will also be able to show you some different ways of how you can improve on your essay. Then, you will be able to find out what your strengths and weaknesses are. These can help you to see what areas you need to work on and what things you need to learn.One last thing that you should keep in mind is that when you are writing your self assessment essay, you need to focus on what you should be getting out of the whole experience. After all, you do not want to focus on the mistakes that you made and the mistakes that others may have made. Instead, you should focus on how you are going to make them all up so that you can make sure that you can write the best essay that you can. So, you should look for all of these different things when you are looking for your self assessment essay samples.All in all, the time that you spend on looking for self assessment essay samples can be well worth it. These can really help you focus on what you are going to write in the essay. I n addition, they can help you know more about yourself and where you are going to be heading with your life.

Business Ethics Current Event Example

Business Ethics Current Event Example Business Ethics Current Event – Article Example Business Ethics Current Event Fraud’s Triangle of motivation communicates an unshareable need, which arises withinan individual’s life. It has been argued that this one of the areas of the Fraud’s triangle that an organization has least, if any, control over as well as being the most difficult to access and offer. This need can arise from a wide range of things from ordinary and common life issues to ones that are more nefarious. With increases in that need in an individual, the risk of the person acting in contrary to an organizations policies and code of ethics also increases. The problem with the motivation factor in the Fraud’s triangle results from the need perceived by employees as being unshareable. In recent times, such things as changes in finance terms can cause embarrassment and prevent an employee from sharing their hardships with their employers. There are varieties of things that can motivate people to violate ethics policies or commit fraud. Such include, a corporate controller taking part in an extra-marital affair, sales representatives being affected and infected with AIDS, sales person being addicted to heroin and a chief operating officer being blackmailed among others. Depending on the laws as well as policies within an organization, email and internet use could be monitored, which could bring issues that could affect a person’s motivation. Another way that motivation factors can be monitored is through those employees with supervisory responsibilities receiving training about the Fraud Triangle. This helps raise supervisory awareness for the commitment of fraud for an organization to address the problem. Consideration of the Fraud Triangle’s motivation factor is also important in helping an organization prioritize identified compliance risks. Work citedHanson, John. Incorporating the Fraud Triangle into Compliance Risk Assessments: The â€Å"Motivation† Factor. Retrieved on 21st April 2012 f rom corporatecomplianceinsights.com/incorporating-the-fraud-triangle-into-compliance-risk-assessments-the-motivation-factor/. Print.

Ceramics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ceramics - Essay Example This section contains a fine selection of tiles and large scale ceramics showing the architectural ceramics that existed in the 13th century to those in the present day. The tiles displayed are from countries such as Portugal Netherlands and the Islamic world which have great history on architectural ceramics.2 This gallery forms the greatest part of the Victoria and Albert museum ceramics section and it is in this room where you find Asian and Middle East ceramics that existed before the 1800. The collection is Brobdingnagian and is displayed on the walls according to the place of origin, time of manufacture and the technique used.3 This section contains the modern day ceramics that have been manufactures in the 20th century. The large influential companies of ceramic production such as the Royal Copenhagen and the Wedgwood have a lot of products in display. The history of ceramics dates back eight thousand years ago and the first ceramics were first made by the Chinese. They constructed earthenware ceramics using the porter’s wheel technology and this is demonstrated by the terracotta ceramic carvings in the tomb of the Emperor Qin. Over the centuries ceramic production was improved by new technologies and styles the most important being tri-color stoneware of the Tang dynasty. During this period the ceramics began to be used for ornamentation functions. As years went by, the celadon style was innovated and it brought about the technology of making elegant shapes and decorations. During the song dynasty, ceramics made of whiteware became popular and helped the Chinese thrive in ceramic trade.4 An advancement of the song dynasty was the blue and white porcelain that were created in the Yuan dynasty and was characterized by the glasslike finish on whitish clay bodies. The Qing period that occurred between 1644 and 1911 was the mos t innovative since it brought about the multicolored porcelain designs that are popular in the

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation - Essay Example This is an interpretation of the fact that organizational goals have been attained with the inclusion of motivational strategies among the employees. In all organizations, it is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that the employees are always motivated through a study of the needs of these employees and organizing them according to the needs of the staff. In this case, therefore, the cases of dissatisfaction among the employees will be minimal since assessment of the needs of the staff are well scrutinized, making the employers have a chance to motivate these employees towards attaining the performance of the entire organization. Moreover, motivation has been accredited for its ability to drive the employees towards goal attainance, by aiding the employees get over the factors that restrained goal achievement (Gerhart, 2005). In light to this argument, motivation can be described as the direction towards setting the pace for goal attainment and completion. If the managers h ave the need to make their organizations achieve the best, the desire for accomplishment can only be possible if they motivate the employees. However, Herrera (2002) cautions all the managers against applying motivational strategies in the organization prior to consulting the employees on their opinions. In turn, the organization enjoys productive employees, who are self directed towards making tangible decisions regarding the organizational objectives. Studies indicate that employees who are motivated are more enthusiastic and are constantly on the move to ensure that the organization attains the best through dedicated service. These groups of motivated employees must be treated with utmost respect as are the custodians of the organizations. This is emphasized in the work by Holton, Dent & Rabbetts (2009) who argue that employee preparedness cannot be overruled in a discussion of successful organizations. From the research compiled by Panisoara & Panisoara (2006), high-quality perf ormance in organizations is greatly correlated with motivated workers. In the quest to achieve organizational goals, apposite motivation among the employees has led to the employees having the ability to deal with any form of challenges that they may face. This is also linked to the fact that the managers always allocate roles to the employees that are best suited so that they get contented while performing them. An industrial company mainly depends on human labour to achieve its goals. Human labour comprises of about 50 percent of the most valuable assets in these organizations. According to Ramlall (2004), employees in manufacturing companies carry the biggest responsibility on whether the company competes relatively in the market. As almost all companies do, they should try as much as possible to retain their current group of employees. In HS Engineering, the decrease in profits and turnover may be attributed to sloppiness among employees. With multiple operations going on in the company, motivation and rewarding of employees should be the first priority if they have to get back to their profit making ways. In an argument by Schepers, et al., (2005) an organization where the needs of employees are ignored, the turnover and profits rate must be at their lowest levels. Organizations must consider several factors when dealing in employee’s welfare. For instance, the cost of acquiring a new labour workforce in the United Kingdom is very costly. The U.K as a developed country, individuals

Outline the arguments about the reliability Essay Example for Free

Outline the arguments about the reliability Essay Outline the arguments about the reliability of documentaries as ways of representing reality. Illustrate with reference to a range of documentary material. Documentaries aim to show information in a way that is most believable to a viewer. Realism is extremely important to a documentary and is often shown by; an authoritative presenter, the use of voice-over commentaries, recorded interviews, visual evidence via location shots or archive film, hand-held cameras and limited used of special effects. It is argued that documentaries are like plays, novels and poems the are fictional in form and have no measurable social ability whereas others argue that documentaries are the only type of genre that can really capture the spontaneity and immediacy of real life. As most viewers see a documentary as a serious programme, normally tackling a serious issue, they assume the programme will be factual and informative and this gives it certain credibility. Documentaries can appeal to a range of different audiences, as most of them are about certain topics. For example wildlife programmes would appeal to anyone with an interest in animals yet other under-cover documentaries such as The Whistle Blower can appeal to anyone who would watch documentaries. Most documentaries would require both an active and passive audience, this is because programmes such as The Whistle Blower would interest people who want to help sort out the security problems at the airport, yet other people would also watch it and not be able to do anything about it, although I think it would make them re-think about making a journey from that airport. With documentaries there are some limitations to assuming that what we see is actually real life this is because when documentaries are using like video diaries or surveillance cameras the participants can sometimes be aware of this and can act differently to how they would normally act if they didnt know the cameras were there, they could also show some biased opinions or exaggerate their actions, subconsciously or not. This suggests that documentaries with hidden/secret cameras may have more credibility as being real. This technique is shown in The Secret Policeman when they are trying to expose the way in which racism is dealt with in the police force. This document can be seen as biased as they are only really concentration on one side of the argument, they are telling viewers right from the start about police officers being suspended for racism and they are setting out to catch officers being racist, this gives the viewers a ready-made conclusion in their heads that they police force definitely are racist. This documentary does, however, represent reality to some extent because they use secret footage of the police officers and have filmed them talking in real-life locations such as pubs, clubs, in the street and whilst travelling in a car, which shows a normal world. Although many documentaries do portray certain features that question their representation of reality, other documentaries are clearly focused on showing things as close to the truth as possible. Feature documentaries such as one on animals and wildlife for example are well researched and their main aim is to simply inform the audiences rather that try to influence them in any way. Even though most documentaries try to portray as close to the truth as possible other motives behind the documentaries could suggest that they arent, in fact as reliable or close to reality as they could be.

The Advantage of School Uniforms Essay -- Arguement Argumentative Pers

Did you know that as many as twenty-five percent of the nation?s pubic elementary, middle, and junior high schools have successfully implemented a school uniform policy? (Isaacson, 1998) School uniforms greatly benefit both the students and faculty by creating an atmosphere in which the students are able to get the most out of their education. I believe that all students should wear school uniforms regardless of whether or not the school is public. Below are clear-cut arguments in favor of school uniforms. First, one of the chief benefits of school uniforms is their ability to make schools safer. Studies have shown that they help to reduce gang influences. (Isaacson, 1998) Many gang members wear particular types of colors and clothes to signify their membership to a certain gang. With every student wearing the same articles of clothing, gang members will not be able to establish a rivalry within the school. Uniforms also minimize violence by reducing some sources of conflict. A Long Beach Superintendent stated the first year that the uniforms had been implemented into his school, crimes decreased by thirty-six percent, school violence by fifty-one percent, and vandalism to the school dropped eighteen percent. (US Dept. of Ed., 1996) Uniforms will also make it easier for trespassers to be identified. (Ryan & Cooper, 2000) These trespassers will stick out like a soar thumb because they will not have on a uniform like everyone else. Identifying and properly escorting the...

Dell Case Study

Running head: DELL COMPUTER CORPORATION Improving the Dell Computer Corporation Heather Mueller Corporate Communications Section One Improving the Dell Computer Corporation The key issues presented in the â€Å"Dell Computer Corporation† case study is that Dell needs to align its’ identity with its’ image, and stop relying heavily on technology (Dell Case Study P. 58). Increased dependence on technology, along with a gap between image and identity, can cause complications for a company if they are not attended to. AnalysisCorporate communication must be â€Å"closely linked to a company’s overall vision and strategy,† (Argenti, 2007, p. 12) and if not, it can cause constituencies to view the company negatively. The Chief Operating Officer of Sony â€Å"criticized Dell’s lack of spending on research and development,† therefore, Sony’s image of Dell does not align with Dell’s identity. A company’s image is the  "corporation as seen through the eyes of its constituencies, [and] an organization can have different images with different constituencies† (Argenti, 2007, p. 58).This differs from an identity, because an identity â€Å"consists of a company’s defining attributes,† and should not very from one constituency to another (Argenti, 2007, p. 58). Many of Dell’s constituencies view Dell in a very positive light, and see Dell as an excellent example of how a company should function and communicate with its constituencies. Dell has a well-founded identity called â€Å"The Soul of Dell† which is its’ corporate philosophy that â€Å"defines the kind of company it is and aspires to become† and shows Dell’s commitment to direct accountability (Argenti, 2007, p. 9). However, â€Å"identity building and maintenance requires the ability to conduct research,† and if Dell does not clearly communicate that ability with it’s constitue ncies, Sony will continue to be discontented with Dell’s identity (Argenti, 2007, p. 50). The founder of Dell Computers, Michael Dell, created an â€Å"e-mail based culture† at the company as the primary work environment (Argenti, 2007, p. 62). E-mail can be effective because it allows subordinates to easily communicate with senior management and is an efficient mean of communication across time zones (Argenti, 2007, p. 2). This is important because subordinates can â€Å"get the company’s strategy directly from those at the top of the organization† (Argenti, 2007, p. 12). E-mail also helps to create a productive climate in which â€Å"managers and employees communicate effectively and support each other† (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 181). However, Dell’s â€Å"increasing dependence on technology-mediated communication creates an environment that may discourage relational development† (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 179).Nearly all communicati on takes place digitally because â€Å"face-to-face communication has given way to a strictly electronic communication network. † (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 189). Without face-to-face communication, personal relationships within the company may begin to fail, which decreases productivity, and increases isolation and emotional detachment from the company’s identity as well as other employees. If the upper management at Dell does not improve the ways it communicates internally and externally, the company will not continue to grow, thrive or flourish in the changing corporate environment.If Dell can modify and adapt its’ behavior in a positive way, its constituencies will become aware of Dell’s excellent communications, and this well-built structure will transcend through the company so employees will learn to communicate efficiently as well. Solutions The upper management at Dell needs to make personal and public communication more important within their str ategy for maintaining their core identity as â€Å"The Soul of Dell. Dell already has a strong relations with constituencies because employees and management â€Å"allow for unique working relationships that transcend the ‘us and them’,† so the constituencies feel valued (Argenti, 2007, p. 62). However, a company can always improve its communication with constituencies because communication is an ongoing â€Å"process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior† (Communication, 2009, par. ). In order to improve its communications, the upper management at Dell can work more closely with the marketing communications department and create a stronger corporate mission. With today’s quick changing environment, â€Å"a clear-cut corporate mission can not only keep employees aligned with what the company is striving to be, but also can act as a source of stability for consumers weary of the constant change surrounding them. (Argenti, 2007, p. 12). The marketing communications department â€Å"coordinates and manages publicity relations to products and deals with activities relating to customers,† and could compose ways to strengthen the corporate mission (Argenti, 2007, p. 53). If more focus was put on marketing communications and a stronger corporate mission was created, then employees can better understand the fundamental reasons for the company’s existence.The employees would be able to clearly demonstrate and publicize each way they illustrate the company’s identity and pursue the continuing purpose of achieving the corporate mission. When a company gets more involved in â€Å"quasi-political activities with constituencies [that] claim to represent a firm’s customers,† the company would then be able to control how its constituencies view them, and how the company evaluates its’ identity compared to the constituencies perce ived image.The American Decency Association (ADA) successfully maintained and illustrated its identity involving the need to prevent images of violence and adult content from being promoted by family orientated companies and businesses (ADA, 2008, par. 1). They successfully â€Å"lobbied for companies including Kellogg’s, Lowe’s, Tyson Foods, and S. C. Johnson to stop buying additional advertising space on U. S. television shows† with unnecessary violence and adult content such as ABC’s Desperate Housewives and FX Nip/Tuck (Argenti, 2007, p. 53).The marketing communication team of the ADA ensured that family orientated products and brand promotions were sending the right messages to children. The company stayed true to its corporate mission and never strayed from its foundation of values and beliefs, so that its constituencies would not be anxious of the constantly changing environment that surrounded the media. E-mail constantly causes information overlo ad for employees in a company if it is the main source of communication, and this informal communication process often isolates employees and does not allow them to interact. Spending over 5 hours a day staring at a computer screen increases the risk of depression, insomnia and other mental health problems† as well (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 189). This can be solved with increased face-to-face communications through meetings, team building activities, and company outings. If the upper management put more of a emphasis on internal communications, then â€Å"the employees would be more engaged, productive, loyal,† and happy, and the strength of company relationships will increase (Argenti, 2007, p. 54). ConclusionThe course of actions that Dell should pursue is working closer with the marketing communications department to create a stronger corporate mission, and to increase face-to-face communications within the company. With increased and improved personal and public com munication, Dell will be able to align its image with its identity, and will be able to strengthen relationships to prove themselves as a successful company with a consistent strategy, in the endlessly changing work environment. References ADA. (2008, September 28). ABC/Disney's desperate housewives.In American decency association. Retrieved February 9, 2009, from http://www. americandecency. org/main. php? f=updates_new/2008/September/09. 28a. 08 Argenti, P. A. (2007). Corporate communication (4th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Communication. (2009). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/communication O'Hair, D. , Friedrich, G. W. , & Dixon, L. D. (2008). Work relationships. In Strategic communication in businesses and the professions (6th ed. , pp. 178-205). Boston: Pearson education.

Effect of culture in the formulation of marketing strategies of small and medium enterprises - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9625 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Effect of Culture in the Formulation of Marketing Strategies of Small and Medium Enterprises Introduction As a student of business administration and having experienced the multicultural cosmopolitan life in London, U.K., marketing strategies of various multinational companies have always intrigued me. These marketing strategies are more challenging for small and medium sized enterprises. Hence I am motivated to research on various marketing strategies focussing on Culture to determine how well an organization working under stressful economical conditions can formulate successful marketing strategies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of culture in the formulation of marketing strategies of small and medium enterprises" essay for you Create order After careful research and study small and medium sized enterprises can focus their marketing by understanding how culture influences consumer psychology. Consumers are influences by various external factors like demographics, age, geographical location and culture is an outside influence on the consumer. According to Professor Lars Perner of Marshall School of Business the study of psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment is important for companies to improve their marketing strategies. (Perner) By understand culture, we can develop and better streamline marketing strategies/campaings to reach the customers more efficiently and aggresively. Aims The aim of the research effort is to better understand consumer behaviour which includes research of the buyers decision making process. It will include understanding the psychology, socio-economic background (from consumers in India) and other factors. There are two distinct influences acting on the consumer during the decision making process namely internal and external influences Internal Influences: These types of influences are caused by the consumer demographics, personal lifestyles, educational qualifications, financial conditions etc. External Influences: The outside factors that act on the consumer are referred as external influences. These are caused by culture and sub-culture, geographical location, gender, ethnicity and social class. As mentioned earlier Culture plays an important role in the consumer decision making process and the aim of this research is to better understand and possibly provide some suggestions so that small and medium sized companies can better formulate their marketing strategies. Objectives I hope to present a clear and definite picture on how various enterprises can attain better financial results by focussing and developing marketing strategies which are inclusive of all cultures, sub cultures and consumer social classes. By explaining consumer behaviour more clearly and making it adaptive to our fast changing economical and financial situation I hope to provide solutions for marketing successfully including possible consumer research methods. I would like to use the survey mentioned in the methodology section to understand consumer behaviour. Due to my inability to reach out to consumer/survey volunteers in U.K. and/or USA I might restrict my findings to India but I would hopefully be able to support my solutions using use cases of already successful marketing strategies. Literature Review Following globalization regional small and medium sized companies in India, USA and the UK are under increased pressure to formulate better marketing strategies. In India dimensions of marketing are fast changing. As literacy rate is increasing there is increased consumer awareness. Therefore industries face new challenges. Retail markets are now flooded with retail chains posing serious threat to traditional businesses. Consumers are now experiencing elevated service level as service sector is adopting market-focussed approach. These fast changing scenario is creating lot of changes are expected to take at a fast pace. In this context, it is important for small and medium sized enterprises for adopt and change rapidly. Changes come at a price and are not easily acceptable. It is my effort to provide struggling firms to follow simple steps to design efficient marketing strategies. Marketing is the key for successful businesses. My knowledge about different marketing strategies and related topics is based on my review of available research papers and books written by economists and philosophers. My research concludes with books and websites on consumer behaviour. I have also researched and understood the role of culture and subculture based on my finding and hope to bring a new perspective in formulating marketing strategies for small and medium sized enterprises. Lars E. Perner and is Professor of Clinical Marketing with University of South Carolina, USA. He motivates me with his research available on the web at https://www.consumerpsychologist.com/. In the introduction to Psychology of Marketing he presents some ideas which I have tried to explain further using additional references based on my research which are duly referenced in bibliography section. His work helped me build the foundation of this thesis. Consumer should be the centre and possibly the only point of focus of any marketing campaign. Perner briefly describes the role of culture and subculture. Though it should be understood from a different perspective for Indian enterprises, some of the thoughts can be applied generally. The idea that subcultures in India have distinct identity and can be identified uniquely from their heterogeneous group forms a major challenge for marketers. In the section Formulating Marketing Strategies, I have described in detail how one can ensure to include different major and minor motives that at acting on the consumer during the decision making process to design good and appealing marketing campaigns. I hope that this succinct attempt will motivate and encourage readers to focus their marketing campaigns using suggested methodologies to include various segments as mentioned in the Consumer Culture and Subculture section. Another primary source of my research and motivation is a book written by Matin Khan. It was published in 2006 and presents a perfect picture about Indian consumers and their influences. After reading this book, I have realized that it is very challenging to completely understand Indian consumers at any point. Yet, the complexity is resolved when they are segmented based on factors like geographical location and dialect. There are more factors which are useful in market segmentation and I have listed them under the section Application of Consumer Behaviour Information of my thesis. In his book Consumer Behaviour and Advertising Management, Khan discusses about consumer behaviour and its importance for companies. He writes in detail about its application and market analysis. In the chapter 2 Psychographic or Lifestyle Segmentation Khan writes in detail about Indias family structure and how marketers can use the familys socio-cultural behaviour in their favour in defining winning marke ting strategies. I am an Indian and Matin Khan helps me explore my heritage and culture by carefully exploring the hidden motives that influence my decision making process when I try to purchase any asset for my family. In his chapter Concept of Culture and Subculture, Khan made an attempt to draw a parallel and to find common characteristics amongst different Indian cultures and subcultures. My research however has helped me conclude that culture and subculture are in changing continuously and their likeliness and differences will vary from time to time. Hence, marketing strategies based on common characteristics in subcultures may not be relevant throughout the tenure of the product. In such scenarios, the strategies have to be evaluated time to time and changed accordingly. In order to further understand consumer behaviour I have further researched Ray Wrights book called Consumer Behaviour. Wright writes in detail about buyer behaviour. Examining the study of consumer behaviour is important to demonstrate the roles of customer and the market economy in designing successful marketing campaigns. Firms should compare, evaluate and analyze to relate consumer behaviour and natural and social sciences. It is necessary to individually research all the factors that influence the consumers decision making process. India is now a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and with Capitalism dominating all the leading economies of the world; it is becoming challenging for Indian firms to adjust to the pricing provided by the Chinese counterparts. However, the idea of swades [1] is becoming more and more relevant to Indias educated classes. Hence, there is an opportunity to design marketing strategies which exploit this consumer behaviour to increase market shar e and product line-up. The societal benefits includes adaptation and reengineering of various industrial equipment imported by India for its growing economy as the rules relating to intellectual property are not yet clearly defined and implemented by Indian legislation. Though this might change (I do not condone), it is worth mentioning how Indian companies have adapted and to sudden changes in customer behaviour following liberalisation of Indian economy. Wright also explains about the consumers central position within the free market system. India is not yet a product driven market[2] and therefore marketing campaigns designed for various countries may not be equally appealing to Indian consumers. After carefully designed marketing strategies are rolled out, it is important to maintain and sustain those efforts. Hence, marketing management small companies will have to look into as well. Robert D. Hisrich is a Garvin Professor of Global Entrepreneurship and writes about the challenges in managing marketing in his book Marketing. He writes in detail about various methods in marketing research, packaging, pricing scenarios, best practices in advertising and distribution. This secondary source is very essential to enhance my understanding of stages of marketing after strategies are rolled out. In various aptly laid out chapters, Hisrich discusses the small and medium sized industries and external marketing environment affecting them. Effective planning is super important. This book provides supporting information for my thoughts in market segmentation. Unfortunately, this book is published in the USA and does not consider Indian market scenario. Therefore, I have used this book a s a secondary reference. My emphasis for market segmentation can is extension of the information provided in Analyzing Markets and Target Marketing. This book has enhanced my understanding of consumer behaviour from business intelligence perspective. It has expanded the role of marketing by focussing only on the behaviour of the consumer. As a reader I am presented with insightful information that makes me wonder if I should keep track of every consumer motive to design better marketing solutions. Hisrich explains in detail about theoretical models in understanding consumer behaviour. This includes Stimulus-Response Model Learning Model. It is based on the sequential placement of the research steps like drive, motivation, stimuli, cu[3]e and response to fulfil consumer needs. In the psychoanalytic model we make an attempt to understand the complex consumer motives. Within one segmented market and for each product there exist different groups who buy the product for satisfying diffe rent needs. Some buy it for functional requirements and some for symbolic concerns. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory also explains how the needs of human beings can be categorized into physical, sociological and the self-actualization. Indian consumers are now starting to think more rationally on the lines of western consumers. They make decisions based on rationally perceived self-interests. They have range of products from Indian and foreign manufacturers and given the limited amount of money for attaining satisfaction by attempting to satisfy only limited number of wants from many needs. Indian firms, therefore, should make efforts to maximize these demands as mentioned in the book as utility maximization. Having understood the influences on the consumer, it is important to understand the Indian market and how it is different from the economies of the west. The biggest contrast is that companies outside India create a demand rather than responding to it. Unlike the west, Indian manufacturers are very quick to get into the market and exit as rapidly as shown by traders and their traditional trading mentality. Foreign companies should have a strong basis for understanding Indian domestic market. It will ensure they are able to best penetrate it. Indians are more welcoming to new ideas and approaches. The consumers are reasonably receptive and reasonably enthusiastic. More comparisons about western and Indian consumers are explained in detail using case studies in Paul Daviess New Business in India. In a guide to marketing in India, Davies has insights of an economist and the discourse of a writer. He writes about the Indian feeling about competition from China which is accounting for st range consumer behaviour. Such behaviour is making domestic Indian firms start thinking about hurdles while entering the Indian market. They are too high and very risky. Yet there is a opportunity to explore. Davies poses questions about Indian market to prospective firms in India, questions to ask yourself (while entering Indian market) are the one of whether you can either complement Indian businesses or offer a competitive position that will enable you to establish your business. Putting this in context of my example of Maruti Suzuki, though Maruti hold the key position since 1984, Hyundai Motors India Limited (HMIL) was successfully able to offer consumers with its Santro model, and has gain prominent market share. As of 2009, HMIL became the second largest automobile manufacturer and largest exporter of automobiles in India[4]. Similarly, scores of life insurance companies are setting up franchises to cater the needs of demanding Indian consumers. Indian manufacturers need to have some competitive edge over their competitors to capture and expand their market share. It is my effort to provide some guidelines and suggestions so that they can adapt accordingly. For traditional Indian businesses it is important to understand their areas of competitive advantages. India has vast amount of natural resources. According to P.N. Mari Bhatt in Indian Demographic Scenario 2025, Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, there will be more than 882 million people in the age group of 15-64 years. The age of retirement in India is 64 years. So the workforce will near one billion Indians. Therefore I conclude that Indians to have superior skills, specialized knowledge, customer orientation, trade relationships and technical expertise. Indias abundant resources are made of extensive coverage, economies of large scales, availability of global financing schemes, and ease of foreign direct investments (FDI). This together with current cost and in tellectual property niche gives Indian manufacturers head start and leading ground. In the fifth edition of Marketing Book, the author Michael Baker makes these subtle rules for start-ups very evident. He includes notes and commentary on increasing focus on channel management, CRM, direct marketing, E-Marketing and communication integration. Indian manufacturers should also understand and develop methods to differentiate their products by providing superior product quality, more functionalities, impeccable after sales service, and wider range as discussed in the section Indian Consumer Characteristics of this thesis. Even for Indian manufacturers understanding the environment is the key to success. Constantly changing political scenario takes constant adjustments within the company to accommodate and comply with changing rules. Formal marketing audits should be carried out for market size and potential, customer behaviour, segmentation and supply channels. They should understand com petitors and should not assume their behaviour. There could be direct competitors, potential competitors, and their strengths and weaknesses. Side by product comparison helps in new design ideas. They should re-evaluate their own products and market position which will enable to compete aggressively. One of the biggest mistakes done by firms is their strategies and priorities are constantly changing and setting clear strategic priorities is necessary for continuous growth. Finally with products comes customer orientation. Baker writes (Companies should) develop customer orientation in all function. Ensure that every function understands that they are there to serve the customer, not their own functional interests. This applies best to all small and medium sized enterprises. They should focus on key indicators for performance and audit those often. Also in the same context it is implied that study of market needs market research. As a supporting document to my knowledge I have reviewed Introducing Market Research written by Paul Baines and Bal Chansarkar of Middlesex University Business School. After reading introduction I am now able to better articulate the marketing research and am able to appreciate the role that marketing research plays. In the chapters ahead, Baines and Chansarkar help me decide what and who should conduct marketing research for small and medium sized enterprises in the Indian market conditions. One common mistake firms in India repeatedly do is not being able to distinguish clearly between marketing research and market research. Market research is the research of the markets. Marketing research deals with analysis of marketing process. After market and marketing research it is time for strategic planning, which uses all the information collected during research. Strategic planning has five important elements; Product Strategy, Offer Strategy, Media Strategy, Distribution Strategy and Creative Strategies. India has Growing number of internet shoppers who necessitate small businesses to adapt these strategies in their favour. Edward L. Nashs Direct Marketing: Strategy, Planning, Execution is a great reference to understand each of these strategies. In its fourth edition, Nash explains how businesses can use internet and global marketing strategies to capture ground in this competitive marketplace. Internet is the newest form of direct marketing. Relying solely on the media can be catastrophic. Following the principles of strategic direct marketing we can create successful campaigns for any product and in any segment of market in India or any other country of the work. But it is very important to have a strategy clea rly defined. Earlier in India there was no co-ordination between product development team and the marketing team. The product development team rarely took information about the end user and the marketing team was responsible for selling it. Today, it is just the reverse. Product development teams are instructed to find products that can be marketed easily. The author takes example of Dell and Apple who allow users to configure the computers they would like to buy. The consumers tell the manufacturers what they want and it is made for them rather than buying preconfigured computers available in the market. This gives them the competitive advantage and greater market share. Something similar needs to happen in India. The author presents small businesses with retailing opportunity using the internet. There are many advantages associated with letting consumers buy products online. The physical store can be smaller but the online store can be vast with products that can be delivered just in time. Unlike traditional businesses where the consumers/end users are restricted, online shopping portals do not have geographical restriction. The online store is open almost all the time. Unlike physical stores, online portals can get a makeover almost instantly appealing to masses. It is very easy to gather consumer information as it is not a hassle when the shopping is being done online. Growing number of companies in India are switching to this model because of high cost of running physical stores. After speaking to business owners in Hyderabad and Kamareddy cities of Andhra Pradesh, India I have realized that businesses are looking for to a clearly and planned guide to marketing plan which is customized for them. Robert E Stevens, PhD is a Professor of Management and Marketing at University of Louisiana at Monroe. Along with his colleague David Loudan, PhD and Bruce Wrenn have collaborated to compose a Marketing Planning Guide. The book lays out step by step, wizard like actions for marketing planning. It introduces plannings importance in any organization and the formal marketing planning process. It has organizational considerations while marketing planning (organizational purpose, objectives and strategies, a look and current organizations structure, and market responsiveness). It introduces Indian businesses to database marketing planning using Hyundai Motor Company as an example. Types of data that we should keep information on and decision making process are well illustr ated. It also has steps one should have in any marketing research project. From the market analysis perspective we have to ensure thorough situational analysis, which has strategic implications of product and market analysis including sales and costs analysis of the product versus its competitor. As mentioned in my analysis, Professor Stevens lays strong emphasis on consumer analysis using market segmentation, lifestyle segmentation and introduces Market Grid Analysis to the small and medium enterprises. He also writes in detail about competitive analysis for establishing competitive advantage which is also discussed by Michael Baker. With increasing power to spend, Indias market is constantly increasing which gives every company an opportunity to succeed. An opportunity analysis should be carefully conducted identifying potential problems and opportunities. There exist internal and other risk factors that need to be considered. Companies should used data from situation analysis to set clear objectives for marketing. Companies should develop a strategy and also evaluate alternate marketing strategies. They should also evaluate other factors influencing the selected strategy. For manufacturers who offer variety of products, different product related decisions should also be made during marketing mix. Different product positioning strategies and quality based marketing should be initiated. Service strategy should be implemented and evaluated often. Improving customer service is the key to changing customers perception about the company. If the existing products need a makeover or change, relevant product line decisions should be taken. Distribution channels should be carefully selected and promotion decisions should be made only on the basis of target audience. Media and promotional media decisions should not be made without proper cause. For companies competing with Chinese manufacturers pricing also plays an important role in changing customers perspective about the company. Professor Stevens writes about penetration pricing and skimming pricing for making pricing decisions for new products. In designing successful marketing systems, companies should focus on the following four subsystems (departments) within the organization Organizational System: The super system which binds all other systems together and coordinates the interaction of all other systems. Marketing Planning System: This department identifies opportunities for marketing and should create consumer oriented plans. Marketing Control System: This system will monitor and audit performance of marketing plans to ensure marketing objectives are being met. Marketing Information System: This provides decision making information and data to all other departments of the company. Richard L. Sandhusen explains the importance of these systems in his book Marketing and explains why organization system harmonizes marketing efforts. It is because the organization system has infrastructure in which marketing analysis, marketing planning, implementation and controls can be efficiently coordinated. These can be customized for small and medium sized industries we have can more one or group of persons performing multiple tasks. These tasks should be divided once the company starts to grow. This books also talks about product design. The main consideration in product design is consumer preference. Companies should design what consumers want. Indian consumers are now expecting world class safety features in the cars they buy. Almost every car manufacturer now offers cars with air bags, and side impact bar. All those who were reluctant to offer have dealt serious loses. The main criterion for product competitiveness and profitability is pricing. Cost of labour and materia ls should be carefully used in the price of the product. Products should also be designed for compatibility as well. India is a large country with varied geographical and environmental constraints. There are different climates, and different measurements systems which should be considered during product design. The study of Indian marketing environment can never be adequate due to constantly changing dimensions. There are the forces that marketing managers should use to create and plan organization objectives. For Indian companies, microenvironment [Sandhusen, 2000][6] is the force that affects the ability of the company to serve its customers better than its competitors. The macroenvironment [Sandhusen, 2000][6] influence the microenvironment due to politics, economy, and changing culture and subculture. Finally, the game changing role is played by considering distribution systems. Unlike USA and UK, roadway and railway infrastructure is not very well maintained. Companies should make use of channel systems. In India, logistics are becoming the biggest deterrent to appealing marketing campaigns. Logistics requires material management and product distribution (packaging, transportation, storage, and inventory management) for bring products to the end users. These functions are interrelated. Indian companies should adopt structuring logistics into material management and product distribution for efficient logistics. If possible separate department should be created with greater communication between them. Sandhusen writes about the importance of logistics in marketing planning, and mentions marketing planning can be measured by a number of costly concerns: transportation, storage costs, number of (intermediate) channels in logistics, costs, etc. Methodology The primary aim of this research is to emphasize the impact of culture on marketing strategies for small and medium sized enterprises. Unlike large sized companies, small and medium enterprises face increased competition due to inadequate resources including capital, human resources and strategic assets. To better communicate with their target customer group the small and medium sized enterprises use various techniques in exploring existing or newer markets. I would like to limit my focus to the efforts in understanding the cultural impact on those marketing strategies and, to provide better solutions I would like to refer to the following ways of collecting information. The primary source of my research is books, magazines, historical articles and, other information available in hard copy. All references will be duly mentioned in the bibliography section. Information available on internet and white papers. While most of the information and statistics available on the web cannot be collaborated with strong facts, it secondary source of information which will act as supporting data for the information I would collect by preliminary research using books, journals and government provided economic data. Also, I would like to survey the existing marketing campaigns to find similarities and differences between different small sized enterprises. As the emphasis is on culture, I cannot limit my research to UK alone and would like to extend my survey to other countries including USA and India. The research poll will include a short questionnaire which can be an online survey and or a hand written copy. I would like to provide a parallel between the current trends in marketing strategies and the general opinion from the research poll. Though it is possible that there might be a difference in them, it is still valid as this effort is to better understand and streamline marketing. A sample questionnaire is enclosed for reference. Sample questions from research survey: 1. What is your age group? Answer choices: a. Between 18-24 b. Between 25-34 c. Between 34-44 d. Between 45-54 e. Between 55-54 f. Over 65 2. What is your gender? Answer choices: 3. Answer choices: a. UK b. U.S.A c. India 4a. For respondents in U.K. Do you feel London is an example of cross cultural metropolitan? Answer choices: a. Yes b. No 4b. If the answer is yes to question number 4a. Have you ever felt any commercial is particularly offensive to your culture/background? Answer choices: a. Yes b. No 5. If the answer is no to question number 4b. Will you be interested in purchasing a product of Company A if its marketing commercials portrays your culture/background in a positive way? Answer choices: a. Yes b. No 6. Have you recently been motivated to buy any product because its advertisement if inclusive and portrays your culture positively? Answer choices: a. Yes b. No 6b. If the answer is yes to the question number 6. Please mention the company name, product name and category if applicable. Answer choices: a. Company Name b. Product Name c. Category 1 What is your age group? a. Between 18-24 b. Between 25-34 c. Between 34-44 d. Between 45-54 e. Between 55-54 f. Over 65 2. What is your gender? a. Male b. Female 3. What is your primary country of residence? a. UK b. U.S.A c. India 4.a. For respondents in U.K. Do you feel London is an example of cross cultural metropolitan? a. Yes b. No 4.b. If the answer is yes to question number 4a. Have you ever felt any commercial is particularly offensive to your culture/background? a. Yes b. No 5. If the answer is no to question number 4b. Will you be interested in purchasing a product of Company A if its marketing commercials portrays your culture/background in a positive way? a. Yes b. No 6.a. Have you recently been motivated to buy any product because its advertisement if inclusive and portrays your culture positively? a. Yes b. No 6.b. If the answer is yes to the question number 6. Please mention the company name, product name and category if applicable. a. Company Name b. Product Name c. Category As the survey continues, I would like get information from the participants dynamically using the company information and the product name from question number 6b. Using analytical tools available we can analyze the marketing strategies of the company mentioned in the answer to question 6b with its competitors we can deduce how marketing strategies can be focused on a given cultural group. Risk factors of using Online/in-person surveys: The risk of using information collected from the survey mentioned above is insignificant because the survey is to learn consumer pattern and behavior. As with all surveys I am sure the information collected will be irrelevant if the answer to question 4b is no. Yet, it is important to know the demographics of the participant which will help me better understand the reasons for inadequate marketing for the cultural background of the participant. Overall, I would like to use this survey to better understand strategies used by companies for the products which were bought by the participants. Analysis and Research The study of consumer behaviour is important to better understand market place and therefore decide marketing strategies to effectively reach consumers. India as an emerging market and with liberal foreign direct investment policy several companies in the west are finding it a potential for rapid expansion. Hence, it is very important to understand Indias culture and the consumer behaviour of Indians. India is a huge country with over 28 states and over a billion people. There are more than 120 dialects and languages. From the market perspective, the populace comprises of different segments of consumers differentiated by class, income, geographical location and family income. Following the liberalisation of the economy the recent development in India is the evolution of the rural economies for basic goods and amenities. More than three fourths of Indias population resides in non-urban settings and shared one third of Indias national income. India now is a lucrative market because it is the 12th largest economy of the world and fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) (The Economic Times, 2007). Consumer Culture and Subculture It is one of the external influences acting on the consumer during the decision making process. It is the influence imposed on the consumer by groups of individuals. According to Perner culture can be defined as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a person as a member of society (Perner). Professor Robert Hisrich defines culture as it is the totality of beliefs, values, and the customs of a group of people that are passed on to succeeding generations. [Hisrich, 2000][113].Culture has distinct characteristics. All the parts of the culture fit together in logical pattern. It is a growing experience. For Indians it is the learning of Indian culture rather than being born with. Culture is ever evolving within the limits of acceptable behaviour. Homosexuality is a taboo in the Indian society but due to pressure from Naz Foundation (India) Trust, National AIDS Control Organization, Law Commission of In dia, Union Health Ministry, National Human Rights Commission and The Planning Commission of India have successfully lobbied and were able to have Delhi High Court pass a ruling decriminalising homosexuality to be conflicting with the fundamental rights as provided to Indians by the Constitution of India. It is very important to know that Culture in itself is not stagnant and static. Companies like Coca Cola, Pepsico and major pharmaceutical industries have made their mark in Indian market and have adapted themselves to local market conditions and have been accepted gracefully by Indian consumers. Likewise medium and small scale industries now being set up in India under SEZ (Special Economic Zones) by collaborating with similar sized companies from China have the opportunity to explore and adapt Indian conditions. Subculture in India Sub Culture can be defined as group of individuals identified by a unique common culture which makes them different from other individuals in given context of larger culture. The sub culture can have contrasting ideologies to the dominant culture, which can be described as a counter culture. Wikipedia defines it as systematic opposition to the dominant culture. Within Indias culture there are many homogeneous groups and segments. These groups have their own set of customs, and traditions and their behaviour are distinct and particular. In India, Hindus living in different geographical areas show certain patterns of lifestyle, values, and dialects. They also speak distinct languages. They can be further classified as Hindus of North India and Hindus of South India or Hindi speaking Hindus and non Hindi speaking Hindus. Matin Khan in his book Consumer Behaviour and Advertising writes The Hindus of North (India) are homogenous in themselves but heterogeneous when compared to those livin g in the South (India). (Khan, 2006). Indias culture and subculture can only be understood by careful analysis of ethnicity. It depends on the persons palce of birth which remains unchangeable. Members of these ethnic groups tend to reside in similar localities. They usually marry within their own group and share a common feeling of peoplehood. Unlike ethnic groups can be divided based on race, nationality and religion. (Khan, 2006). Subculture in the USA American culture can also be classified into three subcultures based on race and origin, namely black subculture, Asian American and Hispanic . Formulation of better marketing strategies requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics of these subcultures. Black subculture exhibits signs of disadvantages campared to the whites population with reference to education, and employment. They usually reside in crowded or downscale neighborhoods in large US cities. With aggressive legislations brought about by US congress trying to bring african americans into main stream economy the market for blacks is increasing almost 3 times faster than whites (Khan, 2006). It is interesting to note that the family structure of blacks is different from other American family and is headed by females. They are motivated by styles, fashion and sports. Most of the advertisements catering to blacks shows flashy ornamental jewelry, cars and sports stars. It is important to note that the total annual purchasing power of African Americans is above USD 250 billion as of 2000. Blacks spend more than other subcultures on articles of clothing and entertainment.[ (Sandhusen, 2000)] Asian Americans now form a fast growing segment of US population and they comprise of Indians, people from pacific islands (Hawaiin), Vietenamese and all other segments. They exhibit different habitat patterns and are scattered all over America. They are educated and assimilate into American culture more rapidly than any other subgroups. They also tend to hold their traditional values and strive to remain with them. They show distinct consumer behaviour and adopt moderate behaviour, parents head the family, and do not show affection openly.They are sole target of marketeers from packaged food industry. Hispanic culture in the US is dominated by people coming to US from Mexico. Though they reside in the US they have maintained their spanish heritage, culture and dialect. They mostly speak Spanish language and are about 8% of US population. People from Puerto Rico and Cuba are also included in the Hispanic subculture of the US.Their social status is just above African Americans and tend to live in larger US cities like New York, Chicago, Florida, California and Arkansas. They exhibit different consumer behaviour and give importance to education unlike blacks. According to ORCI, a 100% independent minority owned women agencys press release dated March 4, 2010 Latinos comprise more than 15% of the U.S. population, and are predicted to rise to 50 million in the 2010 Census, an increase of 42% since the last Census in 2000. In the 2000 report, the Hispanic growth rate of 24.3% was more than three times the growth rate of the total U.S. population (6.1%). [ORCI, 2010][2]. In the same sur vey conducted by ORCI it is shown that 51% of over 9300 senoir marketers do not have any plans to begin or increase efforts involving Latino populations in the next tweleve months. This is one area of opportunity for small and medium sized enterprises to venture out and start formulating strategies aimed at minority subcultures in the US and increasing their market presence. The formulation of strategies involves understanding of research methods for this subculture and will be discussed in detail in further sections of my work. From a social class perspective sociologist identify the six classes existing in the US society; upper-upper, lower-upper, upper-middle, lower-middle, upper-lower and lower-lower. [Hisrich, 2000][124] There are distinct characteristics exhibited by the members of these social class and putting these in context of subcultural groups we have a clearly defined well segmented market.The other cultural divisions can be made on the basis of nationality, religion, race etc. This will further refine the market segment. As the market segment becomes more and more specific to one consumer group, marketers have more control over the type of marketing strategy to make products more appealing. Consumer Behaviour Consumers are at the centre of focus in any marketing campaign. Marketers develop products for consumer needs; promote products writing advertised which motivate consumers. They have to plan competitively making products more appealing than the competitors brand. Having learnt the Indian society segments and buying culture, consumer behaviour is the starting point for all marketing planning. Consumer behaviour is important for the role it plays in the daily lives of the consumers. With media trying to find new avenues of display consumers are bombarded with information everywhere including TV, magazines, cell phones and internet. This information processed by individuals after being subjected to repeated marketing is useful for understanding their behaviour. The decisions then are influenced by such behaviour. Therefore, consumer behaviour can be understood by closely understanding from micro and societal perspective. In view of small and medium sized enterprises, micro perspective o f consumer behaviour is of particular interest to advertising managers, middle managers in product design and development and managers in marketing department. It is the understanding of consumers solely for the purpose of the manufacturing firm. In all other scenarios consumers are influenced by socio-economic conditions existing within their society. Consumer behaviour in management is a recent development in management studies and should be taken up seriously by small and medium sized enterprises who strive to gain some ground in a very competitive global financial situation due to globalization. For small scale manufacturers it is worthwhile to answer the following few questions before designing marketing strategies: What is the perception of the consumers about the companys product? How does the consumer compare it to the competitors product? What consumer opinion should be accommodated to improve the product? What extra functionality would the product add to the consumers? If the marketing strategy is already in place, it is very important to understand the overall attitude of the consumers towards the marketing strategy and advertisements. For consumers residing in cultures where the family is headed by single person, it is important to understand the role of such consumer as a decision maker of his family. Consumer behaviour can be defined as the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impact that these processes have on the consumer and society. (Perner, 2010). Therefore in the study of consumers, we should try to better understand issues such as how the consumer selects a brand and differentiates it from its alternatives. It should be important to understand how consumers will think and feel. It should be determined whether or not a consumer is influenced by surrounding environment. An attempt should be made to gauge consumers knowledge and information about the product. Finally, it is imperative to understand how consumer motivation and decision strategies differ with different products. It will help understand the importance the products hold for the consumer. In his website, Perner describes the different issues mentioned above that will help firms and organizations improve their marketing strategy. Consumer behaviour is a complex, dynamic and multi-faceted process. All marketing decisions should be based on the assumptions about consumer behaviour. [Khan, 2006][6] Consumer behaviour can be categorized for an individual or for groups of individuals. It involves services and ideas as well as tangible products. Society and nation as a whole can be immensely influenced by consumer behaviour. A careful consumer behaviour study can help design excellent marketing campaigns. For example, soon after McDonalds launched its first outlet in India, McDonald Corporation started a marketing campaign across India even though it did not have any outlets outside Mumbai. The campaign was designed and developed in India shows Indian customs and traditions try to assimilate with Indian culture. This is very different from its marketing campaigns in USA or UK. In India McDonalds has carefully adapted acceptable message in the TV commercials using Indian artists. This is one fine example of how a foreign company which is very indifferent in culture of its area of operation can effectively understand the culture and promote itself successfully. During early 1990s U Ks Rover started making cars for India. Though they were luxury cars and there was a strong market for it and the cars were decently priced, the Indian automotive arm of Rover UK could not successfully function because the marketing campaign was indifferent towards Indian culture. I have personally not been motivated to buy a car of even such great standards. Understanding Indian culture and consumer behaviour helped McDonalds succeed in entering the challenging retail food chain market in India while Rover with all its capital and human resources could succeed. Analysis of culture and the consumer behaviour will decide whether or not a product will succeed. The second important use of understanding consumer behaviour is the formulation of rules and regulations or public policy. Starting 2009, all packaged food items like chocolates, beverages and carbonated drinks are required to have calorific content information labels on the products. This is because of growing awareness amongst Indian population about obesity and health which were otherwise unimportant for Indians. With growing number of health cautious consumers the government was forced to adapt and pass legislation which have put many businesses and their products under scrutiny. Indian Consumer Characteristics Indian consumers are known for their value orientation of products they buy. Under present economic situation even luxury brands have adapted unique pricing and marketing strategy in order to make their presence felt. Family orientation plays a significant role in their spending. All brands which identify and support family values usually become popular and are accepted easily in the marketplace. Indian consumers also value care, respect, and recognition brought to them with high regards. Advertisements which communicate emotions and feelings positively are successful. Indias history also plays an important role shaping their behavior. Therefore it becomes very essential to understand the different segments of Indias consumers and their consumer behavior. The general Indian society can be broadly be categorized into the following types: Socialites Conservatives Working men and women Consumers from rural areas Socialites are the people of upper class and prefer to shop in speciality stores and spend on luxury goods and services. They are keen on trying new things and products in the market. They are willing to risk different things and prefer exclusive products. They are brand conscious and dont settle for anything less. The conservatives are from the middle class of Indian society which is the second largest group next to poor section. This segment is the reflection of actual Indian culture. They are very careful while making any purchases and spend more time saving money for the family. Luxury doesnt appeal to them as much as durability and functionality of any product. The working men and women section of Indian society has experienced tremendous growth over this decade. Since 2002 many foreign companies have established businesses in India and have catered to this segment of the population. The working men and women today has grown out to dominate any product purchase including luxury items like cars, and diamonds. This working men and women have their own mind in decision making process while making a purchase. The other category includes Indias rich and super rich population. This is a very small percentage compared to the other three mentioned above. They can be compared to family is U.S.A whose annual income is in the range of USD 11,000 to USD 222,000. According to a more recent survey more than 70% of the 1.2 billion Indians live in rural areas. They form the whopping three quarters of the Indian population. With the rapid expansion of Indian cities, the urban middle class effect is now being felt even in rural areas. The rural market is growing at over 3% per annum and adds more than one million new consumers every year. As a result of higher spending power this group is becoming important to all companies wanting to establish their business in India, thus, this group forms the basis for my research and hypothesis. Over the years as a result of increasing literacy rate in the country exposure to foreign media there is a significant increases in consumer awareness in India. Consumer forums have been set up on par with western countries. Government has legislated rules to protect consumers more and has mechanisms in place to protect their investments. More consumers today selective on the quality of the products/services they are s pending. This new found trend has made the Indian consumers seek more reliable sources of shopping which gave birth to numerous retail market chains with corporate background where customer service was more pronounced and visible. Reliances Retail Outlet and Pantaloons retail outlets are fine examples of such stores which are making it big in India. As more and more retailers start operation in India, there is an urgent need to understand that consumer behaviour will be different compared to the rest of the world. This is not only because all the segments discussed above. It should be noted that services and products which are different stages in market life cycle also change consumer behaviour. For example cigarettes are in decline in most of the Western countries because of increased consumer health awareness by highly publicised health warnings but are in growth stage in India. The market for washing machines is in maturity in the UK but in is growth in India. Marketing strategie s should be different for different cultures depending on stage in the life cycle of the product (Wright, 2006). The consumers are now choosing a place where his/her feedback is more valued. Consumers in India, including those in rural areas now are more knowledgeable about products and beginning to demand service and range of products from trusted manufacturers. As mentioned earlier, Indian consumers are price sensitive and tend to buy products which offer them more value for the price. Considering the Indian market scenario, study of the following factors helps better understand the Indian consumer. Geography Population Urban-Rural Gender Age Educational Qualifications Religion Food habits and fashion Application of Consumer Behaviour Information Marketing management required comprehensive consumer behaviour information. It is required for the long term success of any marketing campaign. It answers all the questions relating to consumers wants and needs, defines target market, helps makes decisions on integrated marketing based on the contentment of the consumers. For small scale enterprises it is required to have information on the consumers, market conditions, knowledge of the competitors and the company itself. Best service can be provided only if consumer needs are carefully understood. In India where the traditional families still dwell in one building (nuclear families) there are some consumer behaviour roles are exhibited by different members of the same family. The roles can be classified as; initiator, influencer, buyer, user. Initiator: This is any person in the family, who needs services or products (sons/daughters need a computer, grandma needs entertainment etc.) Influencer: The family members who influence the act and promote the purchase. Buyer: This is usually the head of the household, i.e. the father who makes the purchase. User: Members of the family who will use the system. Firms should include the behaviour of the all the roles above but buyer is the most important aspect. Formulating Marketing Strategies In formulating marketing strategies, the following factors play important roles in the decision making process of the Indian consumers. Product Price Promotional offers Place Target Market Earlier in India, the only channels for distribution of goods were direct retailers. But globalization brought wholesalers, agents, and direct selling. Distribution centres play very important role in ensuring the goods reach the consumers. They provide place and provisions for consumers to shop. Someone critical goods and services are required by the government to use channels and/or middlemen. Many companies market directly to the consumer using web due to increased demand for online shopping. According to Nielsens survey of 2008, India was ranked third biggest e-shopping nation. Indian consumers are also attracted by promotional offers just like their American counterparts. It changes the consumer attitude and makes the product of the company a better choice. With growing number of consumers, Indians are now demanding world class service. Service adds additional value to the product. Chevrolet India offers three years/300,000 kilometre warranty on its car made for India which is more than what it offers for consumers in the Middle East and USA. Check ups and regularly scheduled maintenance are provided at minimal additional cost. These value added services provide value to the car attracting Indian consumers by reducing his stress related to car maintenance. This increases consumer satisfaction even if the quality of the car is not comparable to the Japanese built cars in India namely Maruti-Suzuki, Toyota and Honda. Target Market: Market segmentation is required when the market is geographical spread like India and the entire market must be broken down into smaller groups who show signs of similar wants. They are distinct from other heterogeneous groups and can be broken down further based on other factors like demographics. We can divide the market, choose a target market and then master it. [Khan, 2006][13] Market segments are the sub sets of consumers with common behaviour and we have to select one or more sub-sets as target with a unique marketing scenario. Indian consumers are satisfied when they are offered various products and their choices are more. Therefore market segmentation is beneficial to consumers and manufacturers alike. Unlike segmented market, in a non segmented market the same service/product will be sold in a solo marketing scenario and will satisfy a generic consumer. The marketing strategy then will become ineffective and becomes less appealing. Consumers in India, as discussed in Indian Consumer Characteristic scenario, come from different backgrounds. Market segmentation becomes essential to identify those segment based on factors mentioned earlier to provide effective marketing of goods and services. From consumer and societal perspective segmentation helps expand the market by creating new avenues for different product categories. Market segmentation essentially is the application of divide and rule policies. After identifying the market segment the policies in marketing strategies are directed only towards those segments. Therefore, segmentation can be defined as division of potential market into different subsets of consumers who show distinct characteristics and behaviours, which are very different from others in the entire market. Indian consumers are more satisfied when they are offered wide range of product choices. In case of non segmented market one product will be sold to every prospective buyer with only one strategy and therefore the campaign becomes ineffective and less appealing. Because consumers come from different backgrounds, have different educational qualifications it is essential to segment that market for effective marketing. Finally, market segmentation helps in expanding the market by ensuring higher customer satisfaction quotients. Factors for Segmentation Many factors can be used as a basis for segmentation as follows: Segmentation based on geographical location East, West, North, South Demographics Age, Sex, Family Status, Marital Status, Educational Qualifications Segmentation based on Socio-culture Culture and subculture, Religion, Social Class, lifestyle (for Indian market), Race/Ethnicity Geographical location helps identity possible markets and demographics and social culture helps describe the consumers in that market. Markets can also be segmented based on lifestyle. It is essentially the study of how people earn money and where and how they spend it. It is determined by analyzing past purchases of the consumers. It establishes a relationship between targeted segment based on lifestyle and the product. Counter Segmentation in Lifestyle Based Marketing Strategies When segmented marketing is practiced in different segments, some segments appear to shrink which makes them less appealing for product placement as they do not posses enough net worth to be marketed individually. Such segmented markets should be combined and strategy should be re-evaluated. But lifestyle based marketing should be given prominence when new products are positioned. This forms the basis of selecting the channel of media, and promotional strategies and increases retail sales. Formulating Strategies Based on Motivation Consume motivation plays a very important role in the decision making process. It is the inner feeling that promotes the action to make the purchase. A consumer may be motivated to buy the product for his convenience, prestige, and or social status. According to Maslows Theory of Hierarchy human wants can be classified as primary or secondary. Once a need is fulfilled humans try to fulfil other needs. It is done in a hierarchical way which can be classified further. Motivation Based Marketing Strategies Consumers buy products for satisfying their motives. A person buying a car buys for increased mobility and ease of transportation. Marketers should find these motives and design marketing strategies encapsulating those motives. The important motives that marketers and analysts should understand include the motive for buying, and how to formulate strategies which helps consumers fulfil these motives and resolution of conflicts between the motives if applicable. Information on consumer motives can be collected in different ways. It is easier to ask questions directly to the consumer. However, there may be some motives which are hidden or unclear. These can be termed as Latent Motives, [5] and these motives are not disclosed. Motivational research should be implemented to understand such motives by asking indirect questions to extract information from consumers. Questionnaires and interviews are helpful in motivational research. Once adequate motives are known, marketing strategies should be planned to ensure that those motives are being fulfilled for the consumers. During this time it is important to identify target market for the chosen product. Consumers should be informed by advertising and offered promotional offers. Considering Indian consumer behaviour we can understand the following motives and latent motive influencing his/her decision to buy a Maruti car. Clearly evident motives Small car Economical price Fuel economy Family friendly Modern Technology Consumer Behaviour Buying a Maruti car Latent (hidden) Motives Cant afford a large car Cant spend on maintenance Resolution of Motivational Conflicts Conflicts are those motives that are acting on the consumers mind as to which thought should be given important. Motivational conflicts are of three types: Approach-Approach Motivational Conflict Approach Avoidance Motivational Conflict Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict Approach-Approach Motivation Conflict: These are two equally attractive choices acting on the consumers. These are addressed by timely release of advertisements. In the table above, we can have consumers who dont want large cars and have other cars similar to their choice. In India Fiat Uno and Chevrolet Spark are strong competitors to Maruti 800. This creates a conflict in the consumers decision making process. In the US, automotive industry these are addressed by allowing compare functionality on the website of the car manufacturer. Such tabular presentation of the car specifications helps consumer come to a conclusion based on his choice of car specification. Approach Avoidance Motivational Conflict: These are two diametrically conflicts acting on the consumer. These positive and negative thoughts prevent the consumer from making the purchase. Consumers should be given a choice to resolve this conflict by offering secondary products. For diabetic patients who like carbonated beverages, offering sugar free drinks can resolve this conflict. For environmental conscious customers Toyota India is now offering Hybrid version of its Prius. Avoidance-Avoidance Motivational Conflict: It presents the consumers with two undesirable penalties. This can be prevented by allowing the consumers to choose less penal alternatives based on the consumers convenience. Reference and Bibliography Perner, L. (n.d.). Consumer Behaviour: The Psychology of Marketing. Retrieved Match 18, 2010, from https://www.consumerpsychologist.com/ The Economic Times. (2007, April 07). Retrieved March 15, 2010, from www.indiatimes.com: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Mr_Rupee_pulls_India_into_1_trillion_GDP_gang/articleshow/1957520.cms Wright, R. (2006). Consumer Behaviour. In Consumer Behaviour (p. 470). Jennifer Pegg. Subculture. (2009, 09 03). Retrieved 03 15, 2010, from https://www.wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subculture Khan, M. (2006). Consumer Behaviour and Advertising Management. New Delhi: New Age Internation (P) Limited. ORCI. (2010). New Survey Finds American Advertisers Acknowledge Hispanics Impact on U.S. Culture. Hispanic PR Wire , 2. Sandhusen, R. L. (2000). Marketing. Barrons Publishing. Hisrich, R. D. (2000). Marketing. Happauge, New York: Barrons Business Library. Nash, Edward. (2000). Direct Marketing Strategy, Planning, Execution (Vol. IV). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hisrich, R. D. (2000). Marketing. Happauge, New York: Barrons Business Library. Robert E. Stevens, David Loudon, Bruce Wrenn and Phylis Mansfield. (1997). Marketing Planning Guide (3rd Edition ed.). NY, United States of America: Best Business Books. [1] Swades is a Hindi word for homeland. Used in context of buying domestically manufactured goods. [2] Product drive market is where businesses produce products and services without identifying who the customer will be. [3] Cue is a minor stimulus that the consumer experiences in favor of making the purchase. [4] Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_India, https://www.hyundai.co.in [5] These are hidden motives